Black hole formation in the early universe

Abstract

Supermassive black holes with up to a $10^9{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ dwell in the centers of present-day galaxies, and their presence has been confirmed at z $\ge$ 6. Their formation at such early epochs is still an enigma. Different pathways have been suggested to assemble supermassive black holes in the first billion years after the Big Bang. Direct collapse has emerged as a highly plausible scenario to form black holes as it provides seed masses of $10^5-10^6{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$. Gravitational collapse in atomic cooling haloes with virial temperatures T${}_{vir}\ge 10^4$~K may lead to the formation of massive seed black holes in the presence of an intense background UV flux. Turbulence plays a central role in regulating accretion and transporting angular momentum. We present here the highest resolution cosmological large-eddy simulations to date which track the evolution of high-density regions on scales of $0.25$~AU beyond the formation of the first peak, and study the impact of subgrid-scale turbulence. The peak density reached in these simulations is $1.2\times 10^{-8}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$. Our findings show that while fragmentation occasionally occurs, it does not prevent the growth of a central massive object resulting from turbulent accretion and occasional mergers. The central object reaches $\sim 1000{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ within $4$ free-fall times, and we expect further growth up to $10^6{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ through accretion in about 1 million years. The direct collapse model thus provides a viable pathway of forming high-mass black holes at early cosmic times.

Accepted for publication in MNRAS, Accepted 2013 May 9. Received 2013 May 8; in original form 2013 April 3

References in corpus (16)

• A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085
• Formation of Supermassive Black Holes by Direct Collapse in Pregalactic Halos
• Effect of Primordial Black Holes on the Cosmic Microwave Background and Cosmological Parameter Estimates
• The Formation of Population III Binaries from Cosmological Initial Conditions
• Formation of the first nuclear clusters and massive black holes at high redshift
• A new Jeans resolution criterion for (M)HD simulations of self-gravitating gas: Application to magnetic field amplification by gravity-driven turbulence
• Accretion onto the First Stellar Mass Black Holes
• Fluctuations in the High-Redshift Lyman-Werner Background: Close Halo Pairs as the Origin of Supermassive Black Holes
• Can Supermassive Black Holes Form in Metal-Enriched High-Redshift Protogalaxies ?
• The First Galaxies: Assembly, Cooling and the Onset of Turbulence
• Resolving the Formation of Protogalaxies. II. Central Gravitational Collapse
• The aftermath of the first stars: massive black holes
• A localised subgrid scale model for fluid dynamical simulations in astrophysics I: Theory and numerical tests
• A localised subgrid scale model for fluid dynamical simulations in astrophysics II: Application to type Ia supernovae
• The formation of compact massive self-gravitating discs in metal-free haloes with virial temperatures of ~ 13000-30000 K
• Star Formation in the First Galaxies I: Collapse Delayed by Lyman-Werner Radiation

Cited by in corpus (176)

• An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at redshift 7.5
• The Assembly of the First Massive Black Holes
• Formation of the First Stars
• Discovery of three z>6.5 quasars in the VISTA Kilo-degree Infrared Galaxy (VIKING) survey
• Formation of Primordial Supermassive Stars by Rapid Mass Accretion
• The origins of massive black holes
• KROME - a package to embed chemistry in astrophysical simulations
• Blossoms from black hole seeds: properties and early growth regulated by supernova feedback
• Black hole mass estimates and emission-line properties of a sample of redshift z>6.5 quasars
• Formation of Massive Primordial Stars: Intermittent UV Feedback with Episodic Mass Accretion
• Titans of the Early Universe: The Prato Statement on the Origin of the First Supermassive Black Holes
• Gemini GNIRS near-infrared spectroscopy of 50 quasars at z>~5.7
• Formation of supermassive black hole seeds
• The Evolution of Supermassive Population III Stars
• Initial mass function of intermediate mass black hole seeds
• The characteristic black hole mass resulting from direct collapse in the early universe
• Feedback-regulated Super Massive Black Hole Seed Formation
• On the number density of "direct collapse" black hole seeds
• Multimessenger Signatures of Massive Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies
• X-ray constraints on the local supermassive black hole occupation fraction
• Massive black hole factories: Supermassive and quasi-star formation in primordial halos
• From the first stars to the first black holes
• Unveiling the first black holes with JWST: multi-wavelength spectral predictions
• The environment of bright QSOs at z ~ 6: Star forming galaxies and X-ray emission
• Formation of massive protostars in atomic cooling haloes
• The hierarchical assembly of galaxies and black holes in the first billion years: predictions for the era of gravitational wave astronomy
• The First Billion Years project: birthplaces of direct collapse black holes
• The Final Fates of Accreting Supermassive Stars
• The Subaru high-z quasar survey: discovery of faint z~6 quasars
• Formation of an embryonic supermassive star in the first galaxy
• The Growth of Black Holes from Population III Remnants in the Renaissance Simulations
• Three new VHS-DES Quasars at 6.7 < z < 6.9 and Emission Line Properties at z > 6.5
• The X-ray Halo Scaling Relations of Supermassive Black Holes
• The Growth Efficiency of High-Redshift Black Holes
• How realistic UV spectra and X-rays suppress the abundance of direct collapse black holes
• Turbulent Cold Flows Gave Birth to the First Quasars
• Direct formation of supermassive black holes in metal-enriched gas at the heart of high-redshift galaxy mergers
• Formation of massive seed black holes via collisions and accretion
• Massive Black Hole binaries in gas-rich galaxy mergers; multiple regimes of orbital decay and interplay with gas inflows
• The route to massive black hole formation via merger-driven direct collapse: a review
• The formation of massive black holes in z~30 dark matter haloes with large baryonic streaming velocities
• A UV flux constraint on the formation of direct collapse black holes
• Shining in the Dark: the Spectral Evolution of the First Black Holes
• The Direct Collapse of a Massive Black Hole Seed Under the Influence of an Anisotropic Lyman-Werner Source
• Application of Stochastic Modeling to Analysis of Photometric Reverberation Mapping Data
• Linking galaxy structural properties and star formation activity to black hole activity with IllustrisTNG
• On the formation of the first quasars
• The MEGaN project II. Gravitational waves from intermediate mass- and binary black holes around a supermassive black hole
• Does disk fragmentation prevent the formation of supermassive stars in protogalaxies?
• Numerical resolution effects on simulations of massive black hole seeds
• The brief era of direct collapse black hole formation
• General Relativistic Instability Supernova of a Supermassive Population III Star
• Looking at cosmic near-infrared background radiation anisotropies
• Pair Instability Supernovae of Very Massive Population III Stars
• Making a supermassive star by stellar bombardment
• The suppression of direct collapse black hole formation by soft X-ray irradiation
• First Identification of Direct Collapse Black Hole Candidates in the Early Universe in CANDELS/GOODS-S
• On the Rotation of Supermassive Stars
• Magnetic fields during the formation of supermassive black holes
• The formation of massive Pop III stars in the presence of turbulence
• Witnessing the birth of a supermassive protostar
• Large-Scale Structure Formation: from the first non-linear objects to massive galaxy clusters
• How an improved implementation of H2 self-shielding influences the formation of massive stars and black holes
• Finding the First Cosmic Explosions. III. Pulsational Pair-Instability Supernovae
• Impact of dust cooling on direct collapse black hole formation
• Merging stellar and intermediate-mass black holes in dense clusters: implications for LIGO, LISA and the next generation of gravitational wave detectors
• The Supernova that Destroyed a Protogalaxy: Prompt Chemical Enrichment and Supermassive Black Hole Growth
• Simulating the growth of Intermediate Mass Black Holes
• Separating Accretion and Mergers in the Cosmic Growth of Black Holes with X-ray and Gravitational Wave Observations
• A New Statistical Model for Population III Supernova Rates: Discriminating Between $\Lambda$CDM and WDM Cosmologies
• Assessing inflow rates in atomic cooling halos: implications for direct collapse black holes
• Lyman Alpha Signatures from Direct Collapse Black Holes
• High redshift supermassive blackholes: accretion through cold flows
• The formation of massive primordial stars in the presence of moderate UV backgrounds
• Direct collapse black hole formation via high-velocity collisions of protogalaxies
• Detection of astrophysical gravitational wave sources by TianQin and LISA
• Rapid growth of seed black holes during early bulge formation
• Cosmological Fluid Mechanics with Adaptively Refined Large Eddy Simulations
• Chasing the observational signatures of seed black holes at z > 7: candidate observability
• Exploring the nature of the Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter CR7
• Chasing the observational signatures of seed black holes at z > 7: candidate statistics
• Impact of baryonic streaming velocities on the formation of supermassive black holes via direct collapse
• Formation of supermassive stars in the first star clusters
• Intermediate-mass black holes from Population III remnants in the first galactic nuclei
• Formation of supermassive black hole seeds in nuclear star clusters via gas accretion and runaway collisions
• The impact of reionization on the formation of supermassive black hole seeds
• Infrared emission of $z\sim 6$ galaxies: AGN imprints
• Direct Collapse to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds with Radiative Transfer: Isolated Halos
• Origin of supermassive black holes in massive metal-poor protoclusters
• Can direct collapse black holes launch gamma-ray bursts and grow to supermassive black holes?
• Supermassive Black Hole Seed Formation at High Redshifts: Long-Term Evolution of the Direct Collapse
• The Biggest Explosions in the Universe. II
• Stars and Black Holes from the very Early Universe
• Lyman-Werner Escape Fractions from the First Galaxies
• The First Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Universe
• Stability analysis of supermassive primordial stars: a new mass range for general relativistic instability supernovae
• Forming Super-Massive Black Hole Seeds under the Influence of a Nearby Anisotropic Multi-Frequency Source
• Assembly of supermassive black hole seeds
• Direct collapse to supermassive black hole seeds: the critical conditions for suppression of ${\mathrm{H}}_2$ cooling
• The effect of baryonic streaming motions on the formation of the first supermassive black holes
• Radiation Hydrodynamical Simulations of the Birth of Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in the First Galaxies
• Direct Collapse to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds with Radiation Transfer: Cosmological Halos
• Low-metallicity star formation: Relative impact of metals and magnetic fields
• Bulge-driven Fueling of Seed Black Holes
• Magnetic fields in primordial accretion disks
• How the First Stars Regulated Star Formation. II. Enrichment by Nearby Supernovae
• Sowing black hole seeds: Direct collapse black hole formation with realistic Lyman-Werner radiation in cosmological simulations
• Formation of SMBH seeds in Pop III star clusters through collisions : the importance of mass loss
• Low-energy Population III supernovae and the origin of extremely metal-poor stars
• Population III Hypernovae
• A new approach to determine optically thick H2 cooling and its effect on primordial star formation
• Finding the First Cosmic Explosions. IV. 90 - 140 M${}_{\odot }$ Pair-Instability Supernovae
• Primordial star formation: relative impact of H2 three-body rates and initial conditions
• Evolution of high-redshift quasar hosts and promotion of massive black hole seed formation
• How long do high-redshift massive black hole seeds remain outliers in black hole vs. host galaxy relations?
• Does the intermediate mass black hole in LEDA 87300 (RGG 118) follow the near-quadratic (M_bh)-(M_spheroid) relation?
• The energy distribution of the first supernovae
• Driving the Growth of the Earliest Supermassive Black Holes with Major Mergers of Host Galaxies
• Bright vigorous winds as signposts of supermassive black hole birth
• Impact of an accurate modeling of primordial chemistry in high resolution studies
• Effect of mass loss due to stellar winds on the formation of supermassive black hole seeds in dense nuclear star clusters
• Warm dark matter constraints from high-$z$ Direct Collapse Black Holes using the JWST
• Jet-powered supernovae of $\sim 10^5{M}_{\odot }$ population III stars are observable by $Euclid$, $WFIRST$, $WISH$, and $JWST$
• Optimal neighbourhood to nurture giants: a fundamental link between star forming galaxies and direct collapse black holes
• Dark-matter halo mergers as a fertile environment for low-mass Population III star formation
• Effects of turbulence and rotation on protostar formation as a precursor to seed black holes
• Black hole formation and growth with non-Gaussian primordial density perturbations
• 3D Radiation-Hydrodynamic Simulations Resolving Interior of Rapidly Accreting Primordial Protostar
• Direct-collapse supermassive black holes from relic particle decay
• Positive or Negative? The Impact of X-ray Feedback on the Formation of Direct Collapse Black Hole Seeds
• Growth of Massive Disk and Early Disk Fragmentation in the Primordial Star Formation
• The most massive Population III stars
• Maximally Rotating Supermassive Stars at the Onset of Collapse: The Perturbative Effects of Gas Pressure, Magnetic Fields, Dark Matter and Dark Energy
• Possible Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes from FRI quasars
• Star formation and accretion in the circumnuclear disks of active galaxies
• Supermassive black hole formation via collisions in black hole clusters
• The effect of dark matter resolution on the collapse of baryons in high redshift numerical simulations
• Intermittent fragmentation and statistical variations during gas collapse in magnetised atomic cooling haloes
• 3-cm Fine Structure Masers: A Unique Signature of Supermassive Black Hole Formation via Direct Collapse in the Early Universe
• Hunting intermediate-mass black holes with LISA binary radial velocity measurements
• Light or heavy supermassive black hole seeds: the role of internal rotation in the fate of supermassive stars
• Role of magnetic fields in the formation of direct collapse black holes
• Triggering the formation of direct collapse black holes by their congeners
• Massive black hole formation in Population III star clusters
• Intermediate-mass black hole binary parameter estimation with next-generation ground-based detector networks
• Formation of multiple low mass stars, brown dwarfs and planemos via gravitational collapse
• Supermassive Star Formation in Magnetized Atomic-Cooling Gas Clouds: Enhanced Accretion, Intermittent Fragmentation, and Continuous Mergers
• The physical origin of super-competitive accretion during the formation of the first supermassive black holes
• Direct Collapse to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds: Comparing the AMR and SPH Approaches
• Magnetic Effects Promote Supermassive Star Formation in Metal-enriched Atomic-cooling Halos
• Gravitational Waves from Direct Collapse Black Holes Formation
• Extremely long baseline interferometry with Origins Space Telescope
• The evolution of high-redshift massive black holes
• J1342+0928 Supports the Timeline in the R_h=ct Cosmology
• Connecting the Dots: UV-Bright Companions of Little Red Dots as Lyman-Werner Sources Enabling Direct Collapse Black Hole Formation
• XMMSL1J063045.9-603110: a tidal disruption event fallen into the back burner
• Formation of supermassive stars in the first stellar clusters: Dependence on the gas temperature
• The chemical evolution of self-gravitating primordial disks
• Magnetic braking during direct collapse black hole formation
• Radio recombination lines from obscured quasars with the SKA
• Probing $z\gtrsim 6$ massive black holes with gravitational waves
• Detecting the Birth of Supermassive Black Holes Formed from Heavy Seeds
• Maximally Rotating Supermassive Stars at the Onset of Collapse: Effects of Gas Pressure
• Turbulent gas accretion between supermassive black holes and star-forming rings in the circumnuclear disk
• The contribution of supermassive black holes in stripped nuclei to the supermassive black hole population of UCDs and galaxy clusters
• Black hole formation via gas-dynamical processes
• Radio signals from early direct collapse black holes
• Detection for Intermediate-mass Binary Black Holes in Population III Star Clusters with TianQin
• Gravitational collapse at low to moderate Mach numbers: The relationship between star formation efficiency and the fraction of mass in the massive object
• Super-Eddington accretion in high-redshift quasar hosts: Black-hole driven outflows, galaxy quenching, and the nature of little red dots
• Direct Collapse to Precursors of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds:Radiation-feedback-generated Outflows
• Black hole merger rates for LISA and LGWA from semi-analytical modelling of light seeds
• Massive star clusters detected by JWST as natural birth places to form intermediate-mass black holes
• Gravitational-Wave Signatures of Massive Black Hole Formation
• Radiative feedback on supermassive star formation: the massive end of the Population III initial mass function
• Direct Collapse Pre-supermassive Black Hole Objects as Ly$\alpha$ Emitters