On the Rotation of Supermassive Stars

Abstract

Supermassive stars born from pristine gas in atomically-cooled haloes are thought to be the progenitors of supermassive black holes at high redshifts. However, the way they accrete their mass is still an unsolved problem. In particular, for accretion to proceed, a large amount of angular momentum has to be extracted from the collapsing gas. Here, we investigate the constraints stellar evolution imposes on this angular momentum problem. We present an evolution model of a supermassive Population III star including simultaneously accretion and rotation. We find that, for supermassive stars to form by accretion, the accreted angular momentum has to be about 1% of the Keplerian angular momentum. This tight constraint comes from the $\Omega \Gamma$-limit, at which the combination of radiation pressure and centrifugal force cancels gravity. It implies that supermassive stars are slow rotators, with a surface velocity less than 10-20% of their first critical velocity, at which the centrifugal force alone cancels gravity. At such low velocities, the deformation of the star due to rotation is negligible.

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• Maximally accreting supermassive stars: a fundamental limit imposed by hydrostatic equilibrium
• Finding Direct-Collapse Black Holes at Birth
• Direct collapse of exceptionally heavy black holes in the merger-driven scenario
• The Final Fate of Supermassive $M\sim 5\times 10^4{M}_{\odot }$ Pop III Stars: Explosion or Collapse?
• On the Detection of Supermassive Primordial Stars. II. Blue Supergiants
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• Spectral properties and detectability of supermassive stars in protoglobular clusters at high redshift
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• 3D Radiation-Hydrodynamic Simulations Resolving Interior of Rapidly Accreting Primordial Protostar
• General-relativistic instability in hylotropic supermassive stars
• Pulsations of primordial supermassive stars induced by a general relativistic instability; visible to JWST at z$>$12
• The Evolution of Accreting Population III Stars at 10${}^{-6}$-10${}^3$ M${}_{\odot }$/yr
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• Magnetic Effects Promote Supermassive Star Formation in Metal-enriched Atomic-cooling Halos
• Rotating Supermassive Pop III Stars On The Main Sequence
• Identification of Intermediate-mass Black Hole Candidates Among a Sample of Sd Galaxies
• Maximally Rotating Supermassive Stars at the Onset of Collapse: Effects of Gas Pressure
• 3D hydrodynamics simulations of core convection in supermassive main-sequence stars
• The properties of supermassive stars in galaxy merger driven direct collapse I: models without rotation
• General-relativistic instability in rapidly accreting supermassive stars in the presence of dark matter
• Signatures of Exploding Supermassive PopIII Stars at High Redshift in JWST, EUCLID and Roman Space Telescope
• Finding lensed direct-collapse black holes and supermassive primordial stars