Ubiquitous seeding of supermassive black holes by direct collapse

Abstract

We study for the first time the environment of massive black hole (BH) seeds (~10^4-5 Msun) formed via the direct collapse of pristine gas clouds in massive haloes (>10^7 Msun) at z>6. Our model is based on the evolution of dark matter haloes within a cosmological N-body simulation, combined with prescriptions for the formation of BH along with both Pop III and Pop II stars. We calculate the spatially-varying intensity of Lyman Werner (LW) radiation from stars and identify the massive pristine haloes in which it is high enough to shut down molecular hydrogen cooling. In contrast to previous BH seeding models with a spatially constant LW background, we find that the intensity of LW radiation due to local sources, J_local, can be up to 10^6 times the spatially averaged background in the simulated volume and exceeds the critical value, J_crit, for the complete suppression of molecular cooling, in some cases by 4 orders of magnitude. Even after accounting for possible metal pollution in a halo from previous episodes of star formation, we find a steady rise in the formation rate of direct collapse (DC) BHs with decreasing redshift from 10^{-3}/Mpc^3/z at z=12 to 10^{-2}/Mpc^3/z at z=6. The onset of Pop II star formation at z~16 simultaneously marks the onset of the epoch of DCBH formation, as the increased level of LW radiation from Pop II stars is able to elevate the local levels of the LW intensity to J_local > J_crit while Pop III stars fail to do so at any time. The number density of DCBHs is sensitive to the number of LW photons and can vary by an order of magnitude at z=6 after accounting for reionisation feedback. Haloes hosting DCBHs are more clustered than similar massive counterparts that do not host DCBHs, especially at redshifts z>10. We also show that planned surveys with JWST should be able to detect the supermassive stellar precursors of DCBHs.

19 pages, 17 figures, v2 accepted for publication in MNRAS, minor additions in text and updates in references

References in corpus (21)

• The James Webb Space Telescope
• A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085
• Formation of Supermassive Black Holes by Direct Collapse in Pregalactic Halos
• Massloss of galaxies due to a UV-background
• Supermassive black hole formation during the assembly of pre-galactic discs
• z~7-10 Galaxies in the HUDF and GOODS fields, and their UV Luminosity Functions
• Accretion onto the First Stellar Mass Black Holes
• Resolving the Formation of Protogalaxies. III. Feedback from the First Stars
• Fluctuations in the High-Redshift Lyman-Werner Background: Close Halo Pairs as the Origin of Supermassive Black Holes
• Can Supermassive Black Holes Form in Metal-Enriched High-Redshift Protogalaxies ?
• The First Galaxies: Assembly, Cooling and the Onset of Turbulence
• Population III star formation in a Lambda CDM universe, II: Effects of a photodissociating background
• Probing the Formation of the First Low-Mass Stars with Stellar Archaeology
• The aftermath of the first stars: massive black holes
• Two populations of metal-free stars in the early Universe
• Quasistars: Accreting black holes inside massive envelopes
• Suppression of H_2 Cooling in the Ultraviolet Background
• Occurrence of Metal-free Galaxies in the Early Universe
• How the First Stars Regulated Local Star Formation I: Radiative Feedback
• UV Radiative Feedback During the Advanced Stages of Reionization
• Lower Metal Enrichment of Virialized Gas in Minihalos

Cited by in corpus (198)

• The Assembly of the First Massive Black Holes
• One Hundred First Stars : Protostellar Evolution and the Final Masses
• Primordial Star Formation under the Influence of Far Ultraviolet Radiation: 1540 Cosmological Halos and the Stellar Mass Distribution
• Formation of Primordial Supermassive Stars by Rapid Mass Accretion
• Observational evidence for intermediate-mass black holes
• Primordial Black Holes as Generators of Cosmic Structures
• Black hole formation in the early universe
• Modeling the Radio Background from the First Black Holes at Cosmic Dawn: Implications for the 21 cm Absorption Amplitude
• The First Billion Years project - III: The impact of stellar radiation on the coevolution of Populations II and III
• Titans of the Early Universe: The Prato Statement on the Origin of the First Supermassive Black Holes
• LIGO gravitational wave detection, primordial black holes and the near-IR cosmic infrared background anisotropies
• Formation of supermassive black hole seeds
• The Evolution of Supermassive Population III Stars
• The characteristic black hole mass resulting from direct collapse in the early universe
• Initial mass function of intermediate mass black hole seeds
• The Most Luminous Galaxies Discovered by WISE
• Feedback-regulated Super Massive Black Hole Seed Formation
• The critical radiation intensity for direct collapse black hole formation: dependence on the radiation spectral shape
• On the number density of "direct collapse" black hole seeds
• Constraining the high redshift formation of black hole seeds in nuclear star clusters with gas inflows
• Massive black hole factories: Supermassive and quasi-star formation in primordial halos
• On the Maximum Mass of Accreting Primordial Supermassive Stars
• From the first stars to the first black holes
• Unveiling the first black holes with JWST: multi-wavelength spectral predictions
• Copious Amounts of Dust and Gas in a z=7.5 Quasar Host Galaxy
• Formation of massive protostars in atomic cooling haloes
• The Caterpillar Project: A Large Suite of Milky Way Sized Halos
• Supermassive Seeds for Supermassive Black Holes
• The First Billion Years project: birthplaces of direct collapse black holes
• Direct collapse black hole formation from synchronized pairs of atomic cooling halos
• Unravelling obese black holes in the first galaxies
• The Growth of Black Holes from Population III Remnants in the Renaissance Simulations
• Intermediate Mass Black Hole Formation in compact Young Massive Star Clusters
• Radiative Feedback from high mass X-ray binaries on the formation of the first galaxies and early reionization
• Infrared background signatures of the first black holes
• How realistic UV spectra and X-rays suppress the abundance of direct collapse black holes
• Finding the First Cosmic Explosions I: Pair-Instability Supernovae
• The formation of direct collapse black holes under the influence of streaming velocities
• Cosmological Simulations of Early Blackhole Formation: Halo Mergers, Tidal Disruption, and the Conditions for Direct Collapse
• New constraints on direct collapse black hole formation in the early Universe
• The influence of streaming velocities and Lyman-Werner radiation on the formation of the first stars
• The route to massive black hole formation via merger-driven direct collapse: a review
• Constraints on Stupendously Large Black Holes
• Supermassive Star Formation via Super Competitive Accretion in Slightly Metal-enriched Clouds
• The formation of massive black holes in z~30 dark matter haloes with large baryonic streaming velocities
• A UV flux constraint on the formation of direct collapse black holes
• Formation and Coalescence of Cosmological Supermassive Black Hole Binaries in Supermassive Star Collapse
• The small scale dynamo and the amplification of magnetic fields in massive primordial haloes
• On the formation of the first quasars
• Does disk fragmentation prevent the formation of supermassive stars in protogalaxies?
• Numerical resolution effects on simulations of massive black hole seeds
• Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of the formation of direct-collapse supermassive stellar systems
• A 10,000-solar-mass black hole in the nucleus of a bulgeless dwarf galaxy
• The brief era of direct collapse black hole formation
• General Relativistic Instability Supernova of a Supermassive Population III Star
• Predicting the locations of possible long-lived low-mass first stars: Importance of satellite dwarf galaxies
• H_2 Suppression with Shocking Inflows: Testing a Pathway for Supermassive Black Hole Formation
• Looking at cosmic near-infrared background radiation anisotropies
• Light, medium-weight or heavy? The nature of the first supermassive black hole seeds
• Pair Instability Supernovae of Very Massive Population III Stars
• Revised rate coefficients for H${}_2$ and H${}^{-}$ destruction by realistic stellar spectra
• Making a supermassive star by stellar bombardment
• The suppression of direct collapse black hole formation by soft X-ray irradiation
• On the Rotation of Supermassive Stars
• Public Release of A-SLOTH: Ancient Stars and Local Observables by Tracing Halos
• A No-Go Theorem for Direct Collapse Black Holes Without a Strong Ultraviolet Background
• Seeding Black Holes in Cosmological Simulations
• Self-consistent Semi-analytic Modeling of Feedback During Primordial Star Formation and Reionization
• Forming massive seed black holes in high-redshift quasar host progenitors
• Magnetic fields during the formation of supermassive black holes
• Simulating the formation of massive seed black holes in the early Universe. II: Impact of rate coefficient uncertainties
• Supermassive Black Holes in the Early Universe
• The Early Growth of the First Black Holes
• Radiation Hydrodynamical Simulations of the First Quasars
• Detecting Direct Collapse Black Holes: making the case for CR7
• Large-Scale Structure Formation: from the first non-linear objects to massive galaxy clusters
• A Unique Multi-Messenger Signal of QCD Axion Dark Matter
• Finding the First Cosmic Explosions II: Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Finding the First Cosmic Explosions. III. Pulsational Pair-Instability Supernovae
• Impact of dust cooling on direct collapse black hole formation
• Limits on the high redshift growth of massive black holes
• The Supernova that Destroyed a Protogalaxy: Prompt Chemical Enrichment and Supermassive Black Hole Growth
• Supermassive Population III Supernovae and the Birth of the First Quasars
• Simulating the growth of Intermediate Mass Black Holes
• A New Statistical Model for Population III Supernova Rates: Discriminating Between $\Lambda$CDM and WDM Cosmologies
• Lyman Alpha Signatures from Direct Collapse Black Holes
• The formation of massive primordial stars in the presence of moderate UV backgrounds
• Chasing the observational signatures of seed black holes at z > 7: candidate observability
• Exploring the nature of the Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter CR7
• Chasing the observational signatures of seed black holes at z > 7: candidate statistics
• The Biggest Explosions in the Universe
• Rapid Black Hole Growth under Anisotropic Radiation Feedback
• Self-consistent semi-analytic models of the first stars
• Impact of baryonic streaming velocities on the formation of supermassive black holes via direct collapse
• Black Hole Starvation and Bulge Evolution in a Milky Way-like Galaxy
• Unveiling early black hole growth with multi-frequency gravitational wave observations
• Formation of supermassive black hole seeds in nuclear star clusters via gas accretion and runaway collisions
• Intermediate-mass black holes from Population III remnants in the first galactic nuclei
• The impact of reionization on the formation of supermassive black hole seeds
• Can direct collapse black holes launch gamma-ray bursts and grow to supermassive black holes?
• Pulsational instability of supergiant protostars: Do they grow supermassive by accretion?
• How AGN and SNe feedback affect mass transport and black hole growth in high redshift galaxies
• Illuminating the Primeval Universe with Type IIn Supernovae
• Time Evolution of Galaxy Scaling Relations in Cosmological Simulations
• The Biggest Explosions in the Universe. II
• The role of stellar relaxation in the formation and evolution of the first massive black holes
• Songlines from Direct Collapse Seed Black Holes: Effects of X-rays on Black Hole Growth and Stellar Populations
• Lyman-Werner Escape Fractions from the First Galaxies
• Rise of the First Super-Massive Stars
• Stability analysis of supermassive primordial stars: a new mass range for general relativistic instability supernovae
• Direct collapse to supermassive black hole seeds: the critical conditions for suppression of ${\mathrm{H}}_2$ cooling
• Radiation Hydrodynamical Simulations of the Birth of Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in the First Galaxies
• Formation of the first stars
• How the First Stars Regulated Star Formation. II. Enrichment by Nearby Supernovae
• The origin of kinematically distinct cores and misaligned gas discs in galaxies from cosmological simulations
• Implications of inhomogeneous metal mixing for stellar archaeology
• Fragmentation inside atomic cooling haloes exposed to Lyman-Werner radiation
• Formation of the first galaxies in the aftermath of the first supernovae
• The Collapse of Atomically-Cooled Primordial Haloes. I. High Lyman-Werner Backgrounds
• Low-energy Population III supernovae and the origin of extremely metal-poor stars
• Radiative effects during the assembly of direct collapse black holes
• Role of the H${}_2^{+}$ channel in the primordial star formation under strong radiation field and the critical intensity for the supermassive star formation
• Cosmological DCBH formation sites hostile for their growth
• Population III Hypernovae
• Finding the First Cosmic Explosions. IV. 90 - 140 M${}_{\odot }$ Pair-Instability Supernovae
• Direct collapse of exceptionally heavy black holes in the merger-driven scenario
• How long do high-redshift massive black hole seeds remain outliers in black hole vs. host galaxy relations?
• Evolution of high-redshift quasar hosts and promotion of massive black hole seed formation
• Driving the Growth of the Earliest Supermassive Black Holes with Major Mergers of Host Galaxies
• Modelling the cosmological Lyman-Werner background radiation field in the Early Universe
• Gravitational Wave Signals from the First Massive Black Hole Seeds
• Impact of gas spin and Lyman-Werner flux on black hole seed formation in cosmological simulations: implications for direct collapse
• Effect of mass loss due to stellar winds on the formation of supermassive black hole seeds in dense nuclear star clusters
• Warm dark matter constraints from high-$z$ Direct Collapse Black Holes using the JWST
• Jet-powered supernovae of $\sim 10^5{M}_{\odot }$ population III stars are observable by $Euclid$, $WFIRST$, $WISH$, and $JWST$
• Dusty Gas Accretion onto Massive Black Holes and Infrared Diagnosis of the Eddington Ratio
• Optimal neighbourhood to nurture giants: a fundamental link between star forming galaxies and direct collapse black holes
• Observational properties of a general relativistic instability supernova from a primordial supermassive star
• The impact of ionizing radiation on the formation of a supermassive star in the early Universe
• From dark matter halos to pre-stellar cores: High resolution follow-up of cosmological Lyman-Werner simulations
• On the Prevalence of Super-Massive Black Holes over Cosmic Time
• Black hole formation and growth with non-Gaussian primordial density perturbations
• Properties and merger signatures of galaxies hosting LISA coalescing massive black hole binaries
• Tracing stars in Milky Way satellites with A-SLOTH
• Stellar Tidal Disruption Events by Direct Collapse Black Holes
• Astraeus VI: Hierarchical assembly of AGN and their large-scale effect during the Epoch of Reionization
• Lecture notes on black hole binary astrophysics
• Positive or Negative? The Impact of X-ray Feedback on the Formation of Direct Collapse Black Hole Seeds
• Inception of a first quasar at cosmic dawn
• Direct-collapse supermassive black holes from relic particle decay
• Conditions for HD Cooling in the First Galaxies Revisited: Interplay between Far-Ultraviolet and Cosmic Ray Feedback in Population III Star Formation
• The First Stars: formation under cosmic ray feedback
• Direct-collapse black hole formation induced by internal radiation of host halos
• Enhanced direct collapse due to Lyman alpha feedback
• Possible Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes from FRI quasars
• The impact of black hole seeding in cosmological simulations
• Evolution and explosions of metal enriched supermassive stars: proton rich general relativistic instability supernovae
• Star Formation in Simulated Galaxies: Understanding the Transition to Quiescence at $3\times 10^{10}$ M${}_{\odot }$
• Maximally Rotating Supermassive Stars at the Onset of Collapse: The Perturbative Effects of Gas Pressure, Magnetic Fields, Dark Matter and Dark Energy
• The Mass Function of Supermassive Black Holes in the Direct-collapse Scenario
• Multiscale mass transport in z~6 galactic discs: fueling black holes
• ${\mathrm{H}}_2$ cooling and gravitational collapse of supersonically induced gas objects
• Photoevaporation of Minihalos during Cosmic Reionization: Primordial and Metal-Enriched Halos
• 3-cm Fine Structure Masers: A Unique Signature of Supermassive Black Hole Formation via Direct Collapse in the Early Universe
• First emergence of cold accretion and supermassive star formation in the early universe
• Pulsation-driven mass loss from massive stars behind stellar mergers in metal-poor dense clusters
• Pulsations of primordial supermassive stars induced by a general relativistic instability; visible to JWST at z$>$12
• Triggering the formation of direct collapse black holes by their congeners
• Supermassive Star Formation in Magnetized Atomic-Cooling Gas Clouds: Enhanced Accretion, Intermittent Fragmentation, and Continuous Mergers
• Weighing the IMBH candidate CO-0.40-0.22* in the Galactic Centre
• An analytic resolution to the competition between Lyman-Werner radiation and metal winds in direct collapse black hole hosts
• Extreme Primordial Star Formation Enabled by High Redshift Quasars
• Some First Stars Were Red: Detecting Signatures of Massive Population III Formation Through Long-Term Stochastic Color Variations
• Magnetic Effects Promote Supermassive Star Formation in Metal-enriched Atomic-cooling Halos
• SMBH growth parameters in the early Universe of Millennium and Millennium-II simulations
• Gravitational Waves from Direct Collapse Black Holes Formation
• Connecting the Dots: UV-Bright Companions of Little Red Dots as Lyman-Werner Sources Enabling Direct Collapse Black Hole Formation
• Oxygen Loss from Simulated Galaxies and the Metal Flow Main Sequence: Predicting the Dependence on Mass and Environment
• Structure of the super-Eddington outflow and itsimpact on the cosmological scale
• The metallicity and elemental abundance maps of kinematically atypical galaxies for constraining minor merger and accretion histories
• Effects of binary stellar populations on direct collapse black hole formation
• Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• Angular momentum loss of primordial gas in Lyman-alpha radiation field
• Gravothermal Phase Transition, Black Holes and Space Dimensionality
• Detection of eccentric close-binary supermassive black holes with incomplete interferometric data
• Intermediate Mass Black Holes: A brief review
• Detection of Tidal Disruption Events around Direct Collapse Black Holes at High Redshifts with the James Webb Space Telescope
• Detecting the Birth of Supermassive Black Holes Formed from Heavy Seeds
• Maximally Rotating Supermassive Stars at the Onset of Collapse: Effects of Gas Pressure
• The Growth of the Stellar Seeds of Supermassive Black Holes
• 3D hydrodynamics simulations of core convection in supermassive main-sequence stars
• Jet-driven active galactic nucleus feedback in galaxy formation before black hole formation
• Direct Collapse to Precursors of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds:Radiation-feedback-generated Outflows
• Signatures of Exploding Supermassive PopIII Stars at High Redshift in JWST, EUCLID and Roman Space Telescope
• How Black Holes Stop Their Host Galaxy from Growing Without AGN Feedback
• From Dark Matter Minihalos to Large-Scale Radiative Feedback: A Self-Consistent 3D Simulation of the First Stars and Galaxies using Neural Networks
• Direct Collapse Pre-supermassive Black Hole Objects as Ly$\alpha$ Emitters
• Mass transport in galaxy discs limits black hole growth to sub-Eddington rates