One Hundred First Stars : Protostellar Evolution and the Final Masses

Abstract

We perform a large set of radiation hydrodynamics simulations of primordial star formation in a fully cosmological context. Our statistical sample of 100 First Stars show that the first generation of stars have a wide mass distribution M_popIII = 10 ~ 1000 M_sun. We first run cosmological simulations to generate a set of primordial star-forming gas clouds. We then follow protostar formation in each gas cloud and the subsequent protostellar evolution until the gas mass accretion onto the protostar is halted by stellar radiative feedback. The accretion rates differ significantly among the primordial gas clouds which largely determine the final stellar masses. For low accretion rates the growth of a protostar is self-regulated by radiative feedback effects and the final mass is limited to several tens of solar masses. At high accretion rates the protostar's outer envelope continues to expand and the effective surface temperature remains low; such protostars do not exert strong radiative feedback and can grow in excess to one hundred solar masses. The obtained wide mass range suggests that the first stars play a variety of roles in the early universe, by triggering both core-collapse supernovae and pair-instability supernovae as well as by leaving stellar mass black holes. We find certain correlations between the final stellar mass and the physical properties of the star-forming cloud. These correlations can be used to estimate the mass of the first star from the properties of the parent cloud or of the host halo, without following the detailed protostellar evolution.

25 pages, 24 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

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• Large Scale Dynamo in a Primordial Accretion Flow -- An Interpretation from Hydrodynamic Simulation
• Ionization degree and magnetic diffusivity in star-forming clouds with different metallicities
• Can supermassive stars form in protogalaxies due to internal Lyman-Werner feedback?
• Effects of chemically homogeneous evolution of the first stars on the 21-cm signal and reionization
• Formation of massive black holes in ultra-compact dwarf galaxies: migration of primordial intermediate-mass black holes in N-body simulation
• Angular momentum loss of primordial gas in Lyman-alpha radiation field
• Revisiting Soltan's argument based on a semi-analytical model for galaxy and black hole evolution
• Growth of Light Seed Black Holes in the Early Universe
• First Star Survivors as Metal-Rich Halo Stars that Experienced Supernova Explosions in Binary Systems
• Halo Mergers Enhance the Growth of Massive Black Hole Seeds
• Carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars in different environments
• Simulating the collapse of rotating primordial gas clouds to study the survival possibility of Pop III protostars
• Black hole formation via gas-dynamical processes
• Effects of spin on constraining the seeds and growth of $\gtrsim 10^9{M}_{\odot }$ supermassive black holes in $z>6.5$ Quasars
• Evolution and Final Fates of Rapidly Accreting Supermassive Stars
• Upper Limit on Star Formation and Metal Enrichment in Minihalos
• Triggered Population III star formation: the effect of H${}_2$ self-shielding
• Impact of Population III stars on the astrophysical gravitational-wave background
• Formation of globular clusters induced by external ultraviolet radiation II: Three-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulations
• Zero Metallicity with Zero CPU Hours: Masses of the First Stars on the Laptop
• Diversity of the Lyman continuum escape fractions of high-$z$ galaxies and its origins
• Gravitational wave backgrounds from coalescing black hole binaries at cosmic dawn: an upper bound
• Condition for low-mass star formation in shock-compressed metal-poor clouds
• Angular momentum distribution during the collapse of primordial star-forming clouds
• Evolutionary models for the Very Massive Stars in the R136 cluster of 30 Doradus in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Exploring effects of IMF sampling and SN feedback injection on star formation and metallicity in ultra-faint dwarf galaxies
• Star Formation for Predictive Primordial Galaxy Formation
• Type Ia Supernovae from First-generation Stars
• Spectral Energy Distribution of the First Galaxies: Contribution from Pre-Main-Sequence Stars
• Population III Star Formation in an X-ray background: II. Protostellar Discs, Multiplicity and Mass Function of the Stars
• Aeos: The Impact of Population III Initial Mass Function and Star-by-Star Models in Galaxy Simulations
• The wind properties of O-type stars at sub-SMC metallicity
• When did the initial mass function become bottom-heavy?
• Gravitational wave quasinormal mode from Population III massive black hole binaries in various models of population synthesis
• Population III Star Formation in an X-ray background: I. Critical Halo Mass of Formation and Total Mass in Stars
• Primordial black holes capture by stars and induced collapse to low-mass stellar black holes
• Carbon measurements in two ultra-faint dwarf galaxies: Grus II and Tucana IV
• Dark-Matter-Powered Population III Evolution: Lifetimes, Rotation, and Quasi-Homogeneity in massive Stars
• From Dark Matter Minihalos to Large-Scale Radiative Feedback: A Self-Consistent 3D Simulation of the First Stars and Galaxies using Neural Networks
• The Baryon Budget of Galaxies across the First Billion Years
• The role of gas fragmentation during the formation of supermassive black holes
• Radiative feedback on supermassive star formation: the massive end of the Population III initial mass function
• Quantifying Element Importance for Mass Recovery from Population III Supernova Yield Fits
• Metal-free galaxy candidates discovered in CLASH