A new approach to determine optically thick H2 cooling and its effect on primordial star formation

Abstract

We present a new method for estimating the H2 cooling rate in the optically thick regime in simulations of primordial star formation. Our new approach is based on the TreeCol algorithm, which projects matter distributions onto a spherical grid to create maps of column densities for each fluid element in the computational domain. We have improved this algorithm by using the relative gas velocities, to weight the individual matter contributions with the relative spectral line overlaps, in order to properly account for the Doppler effect. We compare our new method to the widely used Sobolev approximation, which yields an estimate for the column density based on the local velocity gradient and the thermal velocity. This approach generally underestimates the photon escape probability, because it neglects the density gradient and the actual shape of the cloud. We present a correction factor for the true line overlap in the Sobolev approximation and a new method based on local quantities, which fits the exact results reasonably well during the collapse of the cloud, with the error in the cooling rates always being less than 10%. Analytical fitting formulae fail at determining the photon escape probability after formation of the first protostar (error of 40%) because they are based on the assumption of spherical symmetry and therefore break down once a protostellar accretion disc has formed. Our method yields lower temperatures and hence promotes fragmentation for densities above 10^{10}/ccm at a distance of 200AU from the first protostar. Since the overall accretion rates are hardly affected by the cooling implementation, we expect Pop III stars to have lower masses in our simulations, compared to the results of previous simulations that used the Sobolev approximation.

17 pages, 13 figures, accepted in Astrophysical Journal

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• Fragmentation induced starvation in Population III star formation: a resolution study
• Direct collapse to supermassive black hole seeds: the critical conditions for suppression of ${\mathrm{H}}_2$ cooling
• From dark matter halos to pre-stellar cores: High resolution follow-up of cosmological Lyman-Werner simulations
• Formation of metal-free binaries: Impact of H${}_2$ line cooling and CIE cooling
• When did the initial mass function become bottom-heavy?