Gravitational waves from mergers of Population III binary black holes: roles played by two evolution channels

Abstract

The gravitational wave (GW) signal from binary black hole (BBH) mergers is a promising probe of Population III (Pop III) stars. To fully unleash the power of the GW probe, one important step is to understand the relative importance and features of different BBH evolution channels. We model two channels, isolated binary stellar evolution (IBSE) and nuclear star cluster-dynamical hardening (NSC-DH), in one theoretical framework based on the semi-analytical code A-SLOTH, under various assumptions on Pop III initial mass function (IMF), initial binary statistics and high-$z$ nuclear star clusters (NSCs). The NSC-DH channel contributes $\sim 8-95\%$ of Pop III BBH mergers across cosmic history, with higher contributions achieved by initially wider binary stars, more top-heavy IMFs, and more abundant high-$z$ NSCs. The dimensionless stochastic GW background (SGWB) produced by Pop III BBH mergers has peak values ${\Omega }_{\mathrm{GW}}^{\mathrm{peak}}\sim 10^{-11}-8\times 10^{-11}$ around observer-frame frequencies $\nu \sim 10-100\mathrm{Hz}$. The Pop III contribution can be a non-negligible ($\sim 2-32\%$) component in the total SGWB at $\nu \lesssim 10\mathrm{Hz}$. The estimated detection rates of Pop III BBH mergers by the Einstein Telescope are $\sim 6-230\mathrm{y}{\mathrm{r}}^{-1}$ and $\sim 30-1230\mathrm{y}{\mathrm{r}}^{-1}$ for the NSC-DH and IBSE channels, respectively. Pop III BBH mergers in NSCs are more massive than those from IBSE, so they dominate the Pop III SGWB below $20$ Hz in most cases. Besides, the detection rate of Pop III BBH mergers involving at least one intermediate-mass BH above $100{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ by the Einstein Telescope is $\sim 0.5-200\mathrm{y}{\mathrm{r}}^{-1}$ in NSCs but remains below $0.1\mathrm{y}{\mathrm{r}}^{-1}$ for IBSE.

arXiv comment28 + 6 pages, 25 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

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• Formation of proto-globular cluster candidates in cosmological simulations of dwarf galaxies at $z>4$
• The ionizing and heating power of ultraluminous X-ray sources under the geometrical beaming model
• Footprints of population III stars in the gravitational-wave background
• Predicting the Observability of Population III Stars with ELT-HARMONI via the Helium $1640\mathring{\mathrm{A}}$ emission line
• Understanding the progenitor formation galaxies of merging binary black holes
• Redshifted 21-cm bispectrum: Impact of the source models on the signal and the IGM physics from the Cosmic Dawn
• Repeated mergers of black hole binaries: implications for GW190521
• Towards ultra metal-poor DLAs: linking the chemistry of the most metal-poor DLA to the first stars
• Distinguishing the impact and signature of black holes from different origins in early cosmic history
• Detection of LIGO-Virgo binary black holes in the pair-instability mass gap
• On the link between nuclear star cluster and globular cluster system mass, nucleation fraction and environment
• Minimum star-forming halo mass in axion cosmology
• The GW-Universe Toolbox II: constraining the binary black hole population with second and third generation detectors
• Symmetry breaking in merging binary black holes from young massive clusters and isolated binaries
• The Evolution of Population III and Extremely Metal-Poor Binary Stars
• If dark matter is fuzzy, the first stars form in massive pancakes
• The extent of intergalactic metal enrichment from galactic winds during the Cosmic Dawn
• Segregation and Collisions in Galactic Nuclei: Rates of Destructive Events Near a Supermassive Black Hole
• Comparing hierarchical black hole mergers in star clusters and active galactic nuclei
• An Enhanced Massive Black Hole Occupation Fraction Predicted in Cluster Dwarf Galaxies
• Constraints on Fluctuating Star Formation Rates for Intermediate-mass Galaxies with H$\alpha$ and UV Luminosities
• Ultraviolet Compactness of High-Redshift Galaxies as a Tracer of Early-Stage Gas Infall, Bursty Star Formation, and Offset from the Fundamental Metallicity Relation
• Two Populations of Carbon-Enhanced Metal-Poor Stars in the Disk System of the Milky Way
• A Global Semi-Analytic Model of the First Stars and Galaxies Including Dark Matter Halo Merger Histories
• Great Balls of FIRE III: Modeling Black Hole Mergers from Massive Star Clusters in Simulations of Galaxies
• The relationship between galaxy and halo sizes in the Illustris and IllustrisTNG simulations
• Evolution of binary stars in the early evolutionary phases of ultra-faint dwarf galaxies
• Evidence for globular cluster collapse after a dwarf-dwarf merger: A potential nuclear star cluster in formation
• The possible existence of Pop III NS-BH binary and its detectability
• A CRASH simulation of the contribution of binary stars to the epoch of reionization
• Formation of metal-free binaries: Impact of H${}_2$ line cooling and CIE cooling
• Constraining the non-gravitational scattering of baryons and dark matter with early cosmic structure formation
• Detectability of Supermassive Dark Stars with the Roman Space Telescope
• Gravitational Wave Sources from Pop III Stars are Preferentially Located within the Cores of their Host Galaxies
• GA-NIFS: An extremely nitrogen-loud and chemically stratified galaxy at $z\sim 5.55$
• Tidal disruption of stellar clusters and their remnants' spatial distribution near the galactic center
• Impact of cosmic rays on the global 21-cm signal during cosmic dawn
• The impact of binary star yields on the spectra of galaxies
• Towards a universal analytical model for Population III star formation: interplay between feedback and fragmentation
• Comparing simulated Milky Way satellite galaxies with observations using unsupervised clustering
• The effect of stellar rotation on black hole mass and spin
• Impact of Population III stars on the astrophysical gravitational-wave background
• Constraint on the progenitor of binary black hole merger using Population III star formation channel
• EDGE: A new model for Nuclear Star Cluster formation in dwarf galaxies
• Properties of Globular Clusters in Galaxy Clusters: Sensitivity from the Formation and Evolution of Globular Clusters
• The signature of galaxy formation models in the power spectrum of the hydrogen 21cm line during reionization
• A Star Cluster Population of High Mass Black Hole Mergers in Gravitational Wave Data
• The Heavier the Faster: A Sub-population of Heavy, Rapidly Spinning and Quickly Evolving Binary Black Holes
• Straightforward mode hierarchy in eccentric binary black hole mergers and associated waveform model
• The imprint of the first stars on the faint end of the white dwarf luminosity function
• Semi-Analytical Fokker Planck Models for Nuclear Star Clusters

Cited by in corpus (8)

• The Science of the Einstein Telescope
• Evolutionary tracks, ejecta, and ionizing photons from intermediate-mass to very massive stars with PARSEC
• Classifying binary black holes from Population III stars with the Einstein Telescope: A machine-learning approach
• The origin channels of hierarchical binary black hole mergers in the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA O1, O2, and O3 runs
• Fast and accurate parameter estimation of high-redshift sources with the Einstein Telescope
• The Nature of Gravitational Wave Events with Host Environment Escape Velocities
• Black Hole - Neutron Star and Binary Neutron Star Mergers from Population III and II stars
• Direct N-body simulations of rotating and extremely massive Population III star clusters