Direct-collapse black hole formation induced by internal radiation of host halos

Abstract

We estimate the fraction of halos that host supermassive black holes (SMBHs) forming through the direct collapse (DC) scenario by using cosmological N -body simulations combined with a semi-analytic model for galaxy evolution. While in most of earlier studies the occurrence of the DC is limited only in chemically pristine halos, we here suppose that the DC can occur also in halos with metallicity below a threshold value $Z_{\mathrm{th}}=0$--$10^{-3}{\mathrm{Z}}_{⨀}$, considering the super-competitive accretion pathway for DC black hole (DCBH) formation. In addition, we consider for the first time the effect of Lyman-Werner (LW) radiation from stars within host halos, i.e., internal radiation. We find that, with low threshold metallicities of $Z_{\mathrm{th}}\le 10^{-4}{\mathrm{Z}}_{⨀}$, the inclusion of internal radiation rather reduces the number density of DCBHs from $0.2$--$0.3$ to $0.03$--$0.06{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{-3}$. This is because star formation is suppressed due to self-regulation, and the LW flux emitted by neighboring halos is reduced. Only when $Z_{\mathrm{th}}$ is as high as $10^{-3}{\mathrm{Z}}_{⨀}$, internal radiation enhances the number density of DCBHs from $0.4$ to $1{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{-3}$, thereby decreasing the threshold halo mass above which at least one DCBH forms from $2\times 10^9$ to $9\times 10^8{\mathrm{M}}_{⨀}$. We also find that halos with $M_{\mathrm{halo}}\gtrsim 10^{11}$--$10^{12}{\mathrm{M}}_{⨀}$ can host more than one DCBH at $z=0$. This indicates that the DC scenario alone can explain the observed number of SMBH-hosting galaxies.

arXiv comment17 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables, accepted by MNRAS

References in corpus (74)

• Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters
• Starburst99: Synthesis Models for Galaxies with Active Star Formation
• Populating a cluster of galaxies - I. Results at z=0
• Statistical Properties of X-ray Clusters: Analytic and Numerical Comparisons
• A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085
• The Rockstar Phase-Space Temporal Halo Finder and the Velocity Offsets of Cluster Cores
• A Multi-Code Analysis Toolkit for Astrophysical Simulation Data
• Constraints on the relationship between stellar mass and halo mass at low and high redshift
• Clustering of Galaxies in a Hierarchical Universe: I. Methods and Results at z=0
• On the properties of massive Population III stars and metal-free stellar populations
• Enzo: An Adaptive Mesh Refinement Code for Astrophysics
• Multi-scale initial conditions for cosmological simulations
• Formation of the First Supermassive Black Holes
• An ultra-luminous quasar with a twelve-billion-solar-mass black hole at redshift 6.30
• Nucleosynthesis Yields of Core-Collapse Supernovae and Hypernovae, and Galactic Chemical Evolution
• The Assembly of the First Massive Black Holes
• Gravitationally Consistent Halo Catalogs and Merger Trees for Precision Cosmology
• The transition from Population III to normal galaxies: Ly-a and HeII 1640 emission and the ionising properties of high redshift starburst galaxies
• Thermal and Fragmentation Properties of Star-forming Clouds in Low-metallicity Environments
• A Luminous Quasar at Redshift 7.642
• Simulations of Pregalactic Structure Formation with Radiative Feedback
• A Low-Mass Central Black Hole in the Bulgeless Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 4395
• Protostellar Collapse with Various Metallicities
• Fragmentation of star-forming clouds enriched with the first dust
• Supermassive Black Hole Formation by Direct Collapse: Keeping Protogalactic Gas H_2--Free in Dark Matter Halos with Virial Temperatures T_vir >~ 10^4 K
• Primordial Star Formation under Far-ultraviolet radiation
• Fluctuations in the High-Redshift Lyman-Werner Background: Close Halo Pairs as the Origin of Supermassive Black Holes
• Can Supermassive Black Holes Form in Metal-Enriched High-Redshift Protogalaxies ?
• Low-Mass Relics of Early Star Formation
• Ubiquitous seeding of supermassive black holes by direct collapse
• Black hole evolution: I. Supernova-regulated black hole growth
• Population III star formation in a Lambda CDM universe, II: Effects of a photodissociating background
• Formation of massive black holes in rapidly growing pre-galactic gas clouds
• Accretion-Driven Evolution of Black Holes: Eddington Ratios, Duty Cycles, and Active Galaxy Fractions
• The First Billion Years project - III: The impact of stellar radiation on the coevolution of Populations II and III
• The aftermath of the first stars: massive black holes
• The origin of dust in high redshift QSOs: the case of SDSS J1148+5251
• The characteristic black hole mass resulting from direct collapse in the early universe
• Radio Detections During Two State Transitions of the Intermediate Mass Black Hole HLX-1
• The critical radiation intensity for direct collapse black hole formation: dependence on the radiation spectral shape
• On the number density of "direct collapse" black hole seeds
• X-ray constraints on the local supermassive black hole occupation fraction
• From the first stars to the first black holes
• The erratic dynamical life of black hole seeds in high-redshift galaxies
• Supersonic Gas Streams Enhance the Formation of Massive Black Holes in the Early Universe
• The Growth of Black Holes from Population III Remnants in the Renaissance Simulations
• On the radiative efficiencies, Eddington ratios, and duty cycles of luminous high-redshift quasars
• The low-end of the black hole mass function at cosmic dawn
• Life and times of dwarf spheroidal galaxies
• Turbulent Cold Flows Gave Birth to the First Quasars
• Cosmological Simulations of Early Blackhole Formation: Halo Mergers, Tidal Disruption, and the Conditions for Direct Collapse
• Supermassive Star Formation via Super Competitive Accretion in Slightly Metal-enriched Clouds
• The formation of massive black holes in z~30 dark matter haloes with large baryonic streaming velocities
• Radio jets from AGN in dwarf galaxies in the COSMOS survey: mechanical feedback out to redshift $\sim$3.4
• Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of the formation of direct-collapse supermassive stellar systems
• Dynamical Friction Modeling of Massive Black Holes in Cosmological Simulations and Effects on Merger Rate Predictions
• Dust-cooling--induced Fragmentation of Low-metallicity Clouds
• Light, medium-weight or heavy? The nature of the first supermassive black hole seeds
• Modeling the Counts of Faint Radio Loud Quasars: Constraints on the Supermassive Black Hole Population and Predictions for High Redshift
• The formation of massive primordial stars in the presence of moderate UV backgrounds
• Supernova dust formation and the grain growth in the early universe: The critical metallicity for low-mass star formation
• Early growth of typical high redshift black holes seeded by direct collapse
• Lyman-Werner UV Escape Fractions from Primordial Halos
• Galactic chemical enrichment with new metallicity dependent yields
• The Emergence of the First Star-free Atomic Cooling Haloes in the Universe
• Probing the $z\gtrsim 6$ quasars in a universe with IllustrisTNG physics: Impact of gas-based black hole seeding models
• Super-critical accretion of medium-weight seed black holes in gaseous proto-galactic nuclei
• Sowing black hole seeds: Direct collapse black hole formation with realistic Lyman-Werner radiation in cosmological simulations
• Black hole clustering and duty cycles in the Illustris simulation
• Physical Mechanism for the Intermediate Characteristic Stellar Mass in the Extremely Metal-poor Environments
• Cosmological DCBH formation sites hostile for their growth
• Evolution of high-redshift quasar hosts and promotion of massive black hole seed formation
• A Hybrid AMR Application for Cosmology and Astrophysics
• Observational Signatures of Massive Black Hole Progenitor Pathways: Could Leo I a Smoking Gun?

Cited by in corpus (6)

• Violent starbursts and quiescence induced by FUV radiation feedback in metal-poor galaxies at high-redshift
• Gravitational waves from mergers of Population III binary black holes: roles played by two evolution channels
• Little Red Dots as Direct-collapse Black Hole Nurseries
• Direct Collapse Black Hole Candidates from Decaying Dark Matter
• Super-Eddington Growth Ceiling: Analytic Constraints on the Rapid Growth of Light-Seed Black Holes in Massive Clumps
• Signatures of Exploding Supermassive PopIII Stars at High Redshift in JWST, EUCLID and Roman Space Telescope