On the properties of massive Population III stars and metal-free stellar populations

Abstract

We present realistic models for massive Population III stars and stellar populations based on non-LTE model atmospheres, recent stellar evolution tracks and up-to-date evolutionary synthesis models, to study their spectral properties, including their dependence on age, star formation history, and IMF. (..) The main results regarding integrated stellar populations are: * For young bursts and the case of a constant SFR, nebular continuous emission - neglected in previous studies - dominates the spectrum redward of Lyman-alpha (...). Therefore predicted emission line equivalent widths are considerably smaller than found in earlier studies, whereas the detection of the continuum is eased. Nebular line and continuous emission strongly affect the broad band photometric properties of Pop III objects. * Due to stellar evolution, the hardness of the ionising spectrum decreases rapidly, leading to the disappearance of the characteristic HeII 1640 recombination lines after ~ 3 Myr in instantaneous bursts. * The relative efficiency of ionising photon energy to heavy element rest mass production, eta, of metal-poor and metal-free populations is increased by factors of ~ 4 to 18 with respect to solar metallicity and for ``standard'' IMFs. * The lowest values of eta ~ 1.6 - 2.2 % are obtained for IMFs exclusively populated with high mass stars (M_low >~ 50 Msun). If correct, the yields dominated by pair creation SNae then predict large overabundances of O/C and Si/C compared to solar abundance ratios. Detailed results are given in tabular form and as fit formulae for implementation in other calculations. (abridged abstract)

Accepted for publication in A&A. LaTeX, 15 pages including 8 figures. Related models are available at http://webast.ast.obs-mip.fr/people/schaerer/ . SEDs will be available by request from the author (mailto:[email protected]). Y-axis of Figs. 5 corrected

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• Abundance anomalies in metal-poor stars from Population III supernova ejecta hydrodynamics
• Formation History of Metal-Poor Halo Stars with Hierarchical Model and the Effect of ISM accretion on the Most Metal-Poor Stars
• How the First Stars Regulated Star Formation. II. Enrichment by Nearby Supernovae
• Probing Population III Stars in Galaxy IOK-1 at z = 6.96 through He II Emission
• Primordial Molecular Emission in Population III Galaxies
• STIS Spectral Imagery of the OB Stars in NGC 604: The Most Luminous Stars
• Implications of inhomogeneous metal mixing for stellar archaeology
• Lyman alpha Luminosity Functions at Redshift z = 4.5
• An Observational Pursuit for Population III Stars in a Ly_alpha Emitter at z=6.33 through HeII Emission
• What is the Maximum Mass of a Population III Galaxy?
• The earliest galaxies seen in 21 cm line absorption
• Intergalactic Magnetogenesis at Cosmic Dawn by Photoionization
• Formation of the first galaxies in the aftermath of the first supernovae
• Ly$\alpha$ Emitters with Very Large Ly$\alpha$ Equivalent Widths, EW${}_0$(Ly$\alpha$) $\simeq 200-400$ Å, at $z\sim 2$
• Star Formation Indicators and Line Equivalent Width in Lyman Alpha Galaxies
• Feedback from Clustered Sources During Reionization
• Stellar winds and metal enrichment from fast-rotating Population III stars
• Metal Mixing in Minihalos: The Descendants of Pair-Instability Supernovae
• Conditions for detecting lensed Population III galaxies in blind surveys with the James Webb Space Telescope, the Roman Space Telescope and Euclid
• Observational signatures of massive black hole formation in the early universe
• The WIMP capture process for dark stars in the early universe
• Low-energy Population III supernovae and the origin of extremely metal-poor stars
• Probing Cosmic Dawn: Modelling the Assembly History, SEDs, and Dust Content of Selected $z\sim 9$ Galaxies
• Formation of Massive and Wide First-star Binaries in Radiation Hydrodynamics Simulations
• Detections of Faint Lyman-alpha Emitters at z = 5.7: Galaxy Building Blocks and Engines of Reionization
• X-ray Background at High Redshifts from Pop III Remnants: Results from Pop III star formation rates in the Renaissance Simulations
• Deep rest-frame far-UV spectroscopy of the giant Lyman-alpha emitter 'Himiko'
• Radiative Regulation of Population III Star Formation
• The Radio Signatures of the First Supernovae
• Early chemical enrichment of the universe and the role of very massive pop III stars
• Revisiting The First Galaxies: The effects of Population III stars on their host galaxies
• Violent starbursts and quiescence induced by FUV radiation feedback in metal-poor galaxies at high-redshift
• Cosmological DCBH formation sites hostile for their growth
• Probing high-redshift galaxies with Ly$\alpha$ intensity mapping
• Boosting Lya and HeII 1640A Line Fluxes from Pop III Galaxies: Stochastic IMF Sampling and Departures from Case-B
• The Faint Host Galaxies of C IV Absorbers at z > 5
• Gemini GMOS--IFU spectroscopy of the compact HII galaxies Tol 0104-388 and Tol 2146-391: The dependence on the properties of the interstellar medium
• Reionization in the Warm Dark Matter Model
• Upper limits on the mass and luminosity of Population III-dominated galaxies
• History of Hydrogen Reionization in the Cold Dark Matter Model
• Cosmic Renaissance: The First Sources of Light
• Modeling the Pollution of Pristine Gas in the Early Universe
• Cosmic infrared background from Population III stars and its effect on spectra of high-z gamma-ray bursts
• Radiative feedback and cosmic molecular gas: the role of different radiative sources
• Reconstructing emission from pre-reionization sources with cosmic infrared background fluctuation measurements by the JWST
• CosmoReionMC: A package for estimating cosmological and astrophysical parameters using CMB, Lyman-α absorption and global 21 cm data
• Calibration of star formation rate tracers for short- and long-lived star formation episodes
• Population III Star Clusters in the Reionized Universe
• Unlocking the Full Potential of Extragalactic Ly$\alpha$ through Its Polarization Properties
• The Ionizing Spectra of Extremely Metal-Poor O Stars: Constraints from the Only HII Region in Leo P
• The chemical signature of surviving Population III stars in the Milky Way
• The properties of the brightest Lyman alpha emitters at z~5.7
• Spectral properties and detectability of supermassive stars in protoglobular clusters at high redshift
• Rapidly rotating Population III stellar models as a source of primary nitrogen
• Signature of the first galaxies in JWST deep field observations
• Ultrafaint Dwarfs - Star Formation and Chemical Evolution in the Smallest Galaxies
• Early Enrichment of Quasars by First Stars
• Constraining Warm Dark Matter and Pop III stars with the Global 21-cm Signal
• Lyalpha heating and its impact on early structure formation
• Constraints on the [CII] luminosity of a proto-globular cluster at z~6 obtained with ALMA
• Ionization of large-scale absorbing haloes and feedback events from high-redshift radio galaxies
• Cosmological evolution of the Nitrogen abundance
• The energy distribution of the first supernovae
• On the probability of the extremely lensed $z$=6.2 Earendel source being a Population~III star
• Population III star formation in an X-ray background: III. Periodic radiative feedback and luminosity induced by elliptical orbits
• Modelling the cosmological Lyman-Werner background radiation field in the Early Universe
• Continuum Emission by Cooling Clouds
• The impact of JWST broad-band filter choice on photometric redshift estimation
• Inferring physical properties of galaxies from their emission line spectra
• The Radiative Transport of Dust in Primordial Galaxies and Second-Generation Star Formation
• Spectroscopy of i-Dropout Galaxies with an NB921-Band Depression in the Subaru Deep Field
• Bright vigorous winds as signposts of supermassive black hole birth
• Seeding the second star -- II. CEMP star formation enriched from faint supernovae
• Toward $abinitio$ extremely metal poor stars
• Time evolution of the radio continuum of young starbursts: The importance of synchrotron emission
• High-redshift Ly alpha emitters with a large equivalent width: Properties of i-dropout galaxies with an NB921-band depression in the Subaru Deep Field
• Dark matter powered stars: Constraints from the extragalactic background light
• Is Primordial He Truly from Big Bang ?
• Observational constraints on supermassive dark stars
• Radiative Feedback in Relic HII Regions at High-Redshift
• Observing the First Stars and Black Holes
• Dust in the first galaxies
• Can the 21 cm signal probe Population III and II star formation?
• Transition From Population III to Population II Stars
• GAME: GAlaxy Machine learning for Emission lines
• The Cosmic Evolution of Magnesium Isotopes
• Constraining the near-IR background light from Population-III stars using high redshift gamma-ray sources
• Impacts of Dark Stars on Reionization and Signatures in the Cosmic Microwave Background
• On the spin-temperature evolution during the epoch of reionization
• Stars and Reionization: The Cross-Correlation of the 21cm Line and the Near Infrared Background
• Extended and Filamentary Lyman Alpha Emission from the Formation of a Protogalactic Halo at z=2.63
• Are Faint Supernovae Responsible for Carbon-Enhanced Metal-Poor Stars?
• Ab Initio Cosmological Simulations of CR7 as an Active Black Hole
• Probing Population III Initial Mass Functions with He II/H$\alpha$ Intensity Mapping
• Feedback from first radiation sources: H- photodissociation
• Potential signature of Population III pair-instability supernova ejecta in the BLR gas of the most distant quasar at z = 7.54
• From dark matter halos to pre-stellar cores: High resolution follow-up of cosmological Lyman-Werner simulations
• Chemical constraints on the contribution of Population III stars to cosmic reionization
• Effects of turbulence and rotation on protostar formation as a precursor to seed black holes
• Baryon-dark matter scattering and first star formation
• Tracing stars in Milky Way satellites with A-SLOTH
• Detection and Fundamental Applications of Individual First Galaxies
• Detectable Signatures of Cosmic Radiative Feedback
• The role of Pop III stars and early black holes in the 21cm signal from Cosmic Dawn
• The Contribution of Supernovae to Cosmic Reionization
• Stellar Tidal Disruption Events by Direct Collapse Black Holes
• First supernovae in dwarf protogalaxies
• Probing reionization with the cross power spectrum of 21 cm and near-infrared radiation backgrounds
• Exploring Simulated Early Star Formation in the Context of the Ultrafaint Dwarf Galaxies
• Ionizing photon production of Population III stars: effects of rotation, convection, and initial mass function
• The HST colours of high-redshift population III galaxies with strong Lyman alpha emission
• Inception of a first quasar at cosmic dawn
• The Infrared Glow of First Stars
• Similarities and uniqueness of Ly$\alpha$ emitters among star-forming galaxies at z=2.5
• Conditions for HD Cooling in the First Galaxies Revisited: Interplay between Far-Ultraviolet and Cosmic Ray Feedback in Population III Star Formation
• The First Stars: formation under cosmic ray feedback
• Combining high-z galaxy luminosity functions with Bayesian evidence
• Cosmological Impact of Population III Binaries
• Impact of Population III homogeneous stellar evolution on early cosmic reionisation
• On the operation of the chemothermal instability in primordial star-forming clouds
• Direct-collapse black hole formation induced by internal radiation of host halos
• Constraining the epoch of reionization from the observed properties of the high-z Universe
• Enhanced direct collapse due to Lyman alpha feedback
• Modelling Population III stars for semi-numerical simulations
• Bubble mapping with the Square Kilometer Array -- I. Detecting galaxies with Euclid, JWST, WFIRST and ELT within ionized bubbles in the intergalactic medium at z>6
• Single and binary evolution of Population III stars and their supernovae light curves
• Sources for Metals in the Intergalactic Medium
• A hide-and-seek game: Looking for Population III stars during the Epoch of Reionization through the HeII$\lambda$1640 line
• Photoionization models for extreme Ly$\alpha$ $\lambda$1216 and HeII $\lambda$1640 ratios in quasar halos, and PopIII vs AGN diagnostics
• Simulating ionization feedback from young massive stars: impact of numerical resolution
• The Reionization History and Early Metal Enrichment inferred from the Gamma-Ray Burst Rate
• A Metal-Free Galaxy at $z=3.19$? Evidence of Late Population III Star Formation at Cosmic Noon
• Constraining Very High Mass Population III Stars through He II Emission in Galaxy BDF-521 at z = 7.01
• Cosmic Chemical Evolution with an Early Population of Intermediate Mass Stars
• Pregalactic LiBeB Production by Supernova Cosmic Rays
• Mean Energy Density of Photogenerated Magnetic Fields Throughout the Epoch of Reionization
• Detecting the HI Power Spectrum in the Post-Reionization Universe with SKA-Low
• Formation of Massive Black Holes in Globular Clusters
• Predicting the Observability of Population III Stars with ELT-HARMONI via the Helium $1640\mathring{\mathrm{A}}$ emission line
• Metal Enrichment in the Reionization Epoch
• The First Billion Years in Seconds: An Effective Model for the 21-cm Signal with Population III Stars
• SHARDS Frontier Fields: Physical properties of a low mass Lyman-alpha emitter at z=5.75
• Little Red Dots as Direct-collapse Black Hole Nurseries
• Evolution of the First Supernovae in Protogalaxies: Dynamics of Mixing of Heavy Elements
• The interstellar medium of dwarf galaxies: new insights from Machine Learning analysis of emission line spectra
• Beyond the first galaxies primordial black holes shine
• A Pilot Search for Population III Supernova Candidates in the Spitzer/IRAC Dark Field
• First Light II: Emission Line Extinction, Population III Stars, and X-ray Binaries
• Radiative feedback from ionized gas
• The impact of turbulent mixing on the galactic r-process enrichment by binary neutron star mergers
• The Evolution of Population III and Extremely Metal-Poor Binary Stars
• Fragmentation in Population III Galaxies formed through Ionizing Radiation
• Lyman continuum leaker candidates among highly ionised, low-redshift dwarf galaxies selected from HeII
• Stellar mass dependence of the 21-cm signal around the first star and its impact on the global signal
• Discovery of a faint R-band drop-out: a strongly reddened lensed star forming galaxy at z=1.68
• The high-redshift tail of stellar reionization in LCDM is beyond the reach of the low-$\ell$ CMB
• Constraining structure formation using EDGES
• Radiative feedback for supermassive star formation in a massive cloud with H2 molecules in an atomic-cooling halo
• Deciphering stellar metallicities in the early Universe: Case study of a young galaxy at z = 4.77 in the MUSE eXtremely Deep Field
• Massive black hole formation in Population III star clusters
• Formation of globular clusters induced by external ultraviolet radiation
• If dark matter is fuzzy, the first stars form in massive pancakes
• Multiscatter capture of superheavy dark matter by Pop. III stars
• Search for lensing signatures in the gravitational-wave observations from the first half of LIGO-Virgo's third observing run
• Signatures of very massive stars: supercollapsars and their cosmological rate
• Fully Coupled Simulation of Cosmic Reionization. III. Stochastic Early Reionization by the Smallest Galaxies
• Primordial protostars accreting beyond the $\Omega \Gamma$-limit: radiation effect around the star-disk boundary
• The Pollution of Pristine Material in Compressible Turbulence
• Formation of Pop II star clusters in the aftermath of a pair instability supernova
• The End of an Era - The Population III to Population II Transition and the Near Infrared Background
• Extreme Primordial Star Formation Enabled by High Redshift Quasars
• Premature Black Hole Death of Population III Stars by Dark Matter
• Spectral Uniformity of Little Red Dots: A Natural Outcome of Coevolving Seed Black Holes and Nascent Starbursts
• Finding Core Collapse Supernova from the Epoch of Reionization Behind Cluster Lenses
• Estimating the Feasibility of 21cm-Ly$\alpha$ Synergies using the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array
• Cosmic mysteries and the hydrogen 21-cm line: bridging the gap with lunar observations
• A Global Semi-Analytic Model of the First Stars and Galaxies Including Dark Matter Halo Merger Histories
• Three-Dimensional Modelling of Ionized Gas. I. Did very massive stars of different metallicities drive the second cosmic reionization?
• Leaving the dark ages with AMIGA
• Formation and Radiative Feedback of First Objects and First Galaxies
• Constraint on dark matter annihilation with dark star formation using Fermi extragalactic diffuse gamma-ray background data
• Extending Semi-numeric Reionisation Models to the First Stars and Galaxies
• The early phases of Milky Way's chemical evolution
• Some First Stars Were Red: Detecting Signatures of Massive Population III Formation Through Long-Term Stochastic Color Variations
• Fragmentation of Primordial Filamentary Clouds under Far-Ultraviolet Radiation
• Strong nebular HeII emission induced by He${}^{+}$ ionizing photons escaping through the clumpy winds of massive stars
• The glow of primordial remnants
• On the population of primordial star clusters in the presence of UV background radiation
• Quark-Novae, cosmic reionization, and early r-process element production
• Probing the epoch of pre-reionization by cross-correlating cosmic microwave and infrared background anisotropies
• Properties of free-free, dust, and CO emissions in the starbursts of blue compact dwarf galaxies
• Searching for the earliest galaxies in the 21 cm forest
• Detectability of Supermassive Dark Stars with the Roman Space Telescope
• Amplification of Magnetic Fields in a Primordial HII Region and Supernova
• A search for Population III galaxies in CLASH. I. Singly-imaged candidates at high redshift
• Cosmic Reionization and the First Nonlinear Structures in the Universe
• Revisiting stellar properties of star-forming galaxies with stellar and nebular spectral modelling
• Connecting the Dots: UV-Bright Companions of Little Red Dots as Lyman-Werner Sources Enabling Direct Collapse Black Hole Formation
• The formation of the first galaxies and the transition to low-mass star formation
• Coronal Properties of Low-mass Population III Stars and the Radiative Feedback in the Early Universe
• Probing intergalactic radiation fields during cosmic reionization through gamma-ray absorption
• Does the structure of Pop III supernova ejecta affect the elemental abundance of extremely metal-poor stars?
• Pair-Instability Supernovae of Fast Rotating Stars
• Evaporating black holes: constraints on anomalous emission mechanisms
• 21 cm Signals from Early Ionizing Sources
• The mass distribution of the first stars can be determined via the 21-cm signal
• Aeos: Transport of Metals from Minihalos following Population III Stellar Feedback
• Impact of star formation models on the growth of simulated galaxies at high redshifts
• Gamma-ray constraints on the infrared background excess
• Magnetic fields limit the mass of Population III stars even before the onset of protostellar radiation feedback
• Laboratory Photoionization Fronts in Nitrogen Gas: A Numerical Feasibility and Parameter Study
• Gravitational waves from binary black holes as probes of the structure formation history
• Blue galaxies: modelling nebular He II emission in high redshift galaxies
• Potential contributions of Pop III and intermediate-mass Pop II stars to cosmic chemical enrichment
• A Peculiar Type~II QSO Identified via Broad-band Detection of Extreme Nebular Line Emission
• Relative baryon-dark matter velocities in cosmological zoom simulations
• Very massive stars at low metallicity: evolution, synthetic spectroscopy, and impact on the integrated light of starbursts
• Reionization in the Light of Dark Stars
• Hungry or Not: How Stellar-Mass Black Holes Grow (or Don't) in Dark Matter Mini-Haloes at High-Resolution
• Formation of the First Galaxies: Theory and Simulations
• Signatures of Population III supernovae at Cosmic Dawn: the case of GN-z11-flash
• Effects of a burst of formation of first-generation stars on the evolution of galaxies
• Condition for dust evacuation from the first galaxies
• A Cosmic Milestone: Constraints from Metal-Poor Halo Stars on the Cosmological Reionization Epoch
• Collapse of Primordial Filamentary Clouds under Far-Ultraviolet Radiation
• EROs found behind lensing clusters. II. Stellar populations and dust properties of optical dropout EROs and comparison with related objects
• New Results from the Magellan IMACS Spectroscopic Lyman Alpha Survey: NICMOS Observations of Lyman Alpha emitters at z=5.7
• Central free-free-dominated 880 $\micron$ emission in II Zw 40
• Effects of chemically homogeneous evolution of the first stars on the 21-cm signal and reionization
• First Stars. I. Evolution without mass loss
• The near-infrared radiation background, gravitational wave background and star formation rate of Pop III and Pop II during cosmic reionization
• Spectral Signatures of Population III and Envelope-stripped Stars in Galaxies at the Epoch of Reionization
• Angular momentum loss of primordial gas in Lyman-alpha radiation field
• How will our knowledge of short gamma-ray bursts affect the distance measurement of binary neutron stars?
• Spherically symmetric NLTE model atmospheres of hot hydrogen-helium first stars
• Detecting Primordial Stars
• Impact of accretion-induced chemically homogeneous evolution on stellar and compact binary populations
• Radiation Hydrodynamical Instabilities in Cosmological and Galactic Ionization Fronts
• EROs found behind lensing clusters: II.Empirical properties, classification, and SED modelling based on multi-wavelength observations
• A Multiply-Imaged z $\sim$ 6.3 Lyman Alpha Emitter candidate behind Abell 2261
• Triggered Population III star formation: the effect of H${}_2$ self-shielding
• Diversity of the Lyman continuum escape fractions of high-$z$ galaxies and its origins
• Gravitational wave backgrounds from coalescing black hole binaries at cosmic dawn: an upper bound
• Delayed Enrichment by Unseen Galaxies: Explaining the Rapid Rise in IGM CIV Absorption from z = 6-5
• New clues on the extended HeII ionization in IZw18 from GTC/MEGARA and JWST/MIRI
• HeII emitters at cosmic noon and beyond. Characterising the HeII λ1640 emission with MUSE and JWST/NIRSpec
• Spectral reconstruction for radiation hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy evolution
• Formation of globular clusters induced by external ultraviolet radiation II: Three-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulations
• First Light: A Brief Review
• Supernovae at the cosmic dawn
• Cloudy with a chance of starshine: Possible photometric signatures of nebular-dominated emission in $1.5<z<8.5$ JADES galaxies
• Instabilities in the Ionization Zones Around the First Stars
• Evolutionary synthesis models as a tool and guide towards the first galaxies
• Metal Enrichment of the Intergalactic Medium and Production of Massive Black Holes
• Lyman-$\alpha$ Emitting Galaxies (LAEs) at Cosmic Dawn: Implications and Predictions
• Can the James Webb Space Telescope detect isolated population III stars?
• Ultraviolet photon production rates of the first stars: Impact on the He II $\lambda$ 1640 Å emission line from primordial star clusters and the 21-cm signal from cosmic dawn
• Low-temperature primordial gas in merging halos
• Type Ia Supernovae from First-generation Stars
• Radiation magnetohydrodynamics simulations of Population III star formation during the Epoch of Reionization
• Spectral Energy Distribution of the First Galaxies: Contribution from Pre-Main-Sequence Stars
• Nitrogen enhancement of GN-z11 by metal pollution from supermassive stars
• Detecting the Transition From Pop III to Pop II Stars
• Aeos: The Impact of Population III Initial Mass Function and Star-by-Star Models in Galaxy Simulations
• How Black Holes Stop Their Host Galaxy from Growing Without AGN Feedback
• The first stars
• Searches for high redshift galaxies using gravitational lensing
• Revealing the formation histories of the first stars with the cosmic near-infrared background
• Implications of the cosmic infrared background excess for the cosmic star formation
• Pressure-driven fragmentation of clouds at high redshift
• RIGEL: Feedback-regulated cloud-scale star formation efficiency in a simulated dwarf galaxy merger
• The First Stars
• From Dark Matter Minihalos to Large-Scale Radiative Feedback: A Self-Consistent 3D Simulation of the First Stars and Galaxies using Neural Networks
• Effect of the cosmological transition to metal-enriched star-formation on the hydrogen 21-cm signal
• Quantifying Element Importance for Mass Recovery from Population III Supernova Yield Fits
• Out of oxygen: Extremely metal-poor galaxy candidates identified at $2.5<z<6.5$ with deep JADES medium-band imaging
• Off-center black hole seed formation? Implications for high and low redshift massive black holes
• Optical Transients from Fast Radio Bursts Heating Companion Stars in Close Binary Systems