The Reionization of the Universe by the First Stars and Quasars

Abstract

The first light from stars and quasars ended the ``dark ages'' of the universe and led to the reionization of hydrogen by redshift 7. Current observations are at the threshold of probing this epoch. The study of high-redshift sources is likely to attract major attention in observational and theoretical cosmology over the next decade.

60 pages, including 21 figures; to be published in the 2001 Volume of Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics; A more extensive review, for Physics Reports, is also available, with a different astro-ph number, or at http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/~barkana/review.html

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• A Flat Universe from High-Resolution Maps of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
• In the Beginning: The First Sources of Light and the Reionization of the Universe
• MAXIMA-1: A Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy on angular scales of 10 arcminutes to 5 degrees
• Reionization and the abundance of galactic satellites
• The Cosmic Infrared Background: Measurements and Implications
• Effect of Reionization on the Structure Formation in the Universe
• The Formation and Fragmentation of Primordial Molecular Clouds
• The M(BH)-Sigma Relation for Supermassive Black Holes
• Black Hole Mass Estimates from Reverberation Mapping and from Spatially Resolved Kinematics
• Resolving the extragalactic hard X-ray background
• Lyman Continuum Emission from Galaxies at z~3.4
• The thermal history of the intergalactic medium
• Multi-wavelength Observations of Dusty Star Formation at Low and High Redshift
• Gamma-Ray Bursts as a Probe of the Very High Redshift Universe
• Quasar Clustering and the Lifetime of Quasars
• The Discovery of a Luminous z=5.80 Quasar from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• A 450-day light curve of the radio afterglow of GRB 970508: Fireball calorimetry
• Zero-Metallicity Stars and the Effects of the First Stars on Reionization
• The correlation between black hole mass and bulge velocity dispersion in hierarchical galaxy formation models
• Generation of the Primordial Magnetic Fields during Cosmological Reionization
• The Nature of the Hard X-ray Background Sources: Optical, Near-infrared, Submillimeter, and Radio Properties
• The Enrichment History of the Intergalactic Medium: Measuring the CIV/HI Ratio in the Lyman Alpha Forest
• Review of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and Primordial Abundances
• Constraining the Lifetime of Quasars from their Spatial Clustering
• Expected Number and Flux Distribution of Gamma-Ray-Burst Afterglows with High Redshifts
• On the energy of gamma-ray bursts
• Quasar Strömgren Spheres Before Cosmological Reionization
• The Earliest Luminous Sources and the Damping Wing of the Gunn-Peterson Trough
• Supernova type Ia luminosities, their dependence on second parameters, and the value of H_0
• New CMB constraints on the cosmic matter budget: trouble for nucleosynthesis?
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• Identifying the Reionization Redshift from the Cosmic Star Formation Rate
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Cited by in corpus (250)

• The James Webb Space Telescope
• Galaxy Bimodality due to Cold Flows and Shock Heating
• Galactic Winds
• Constraining the Evolution of the Ionizing Background and the Epoch of Reionization with z ~ 6 Quasars II: A Sample of 19 Quasars
• Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Mass Loss: Its Effect on the Evolution and Fate of High-Mass Stars
• The First Stars
• On the properties of massive Population III stars and metal-free stellar populations
• Gamma-Ray Bursts: Progress, Problems & Prospects
• Observational constraints on Cosmic Reionization
• Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies
• Theories of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Nucleosynthesis and Evolution of Massive Metal-Free Stars
• Simulations of Early Structure Formation: Primordial Gas Clouds
• The transition from Population III to normal galaxies: Ly-a and HeII 1640 emission and the ionising properties of high redshift starburst galaxies
• Evolution of the Ionizing Background and the Epoch of Reionization from the Spectra of z~6 Quasars
• The Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization: 8 Station Results
• Can Photoionization Squelching Resolve the Sub-structure Crisis?
• Reionization after Planck: The Derived Growth of the Cosmic Ionizing Emissivity now matches the Growth of the Galaxy UV Luminosity Density
• GRB Energetics and the GRB Hubble Diagram: Promises and Limitations
• Parameter constraints for flat cosmologies from CMB and 2dFGRS power spectra
• The Physics of the Intergalactic Medium
• Implications for the Cosmic Reionization from the Optical Afterglow Spectrum of the Gamma-Ray Burst 050904 at z = 6.3
• Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Swift Era
• The Direct Detection of Lyman-Continuum Emission from Star-forming Galaxies at z~3
• The abundance and clustering of dark haloes in the standard Lambda CDM cosmogony
• Formation of z ~ 6 quasars from hierarchical galaxy mergers
• Molecular Gas in the Host Galaxy of a Quasar at Redshift z=6.42
• Rapid Reionization by the Oligarchs: The Case for Massive, UV-Bright, Star-Forming Galaxies with High Escape Fractions
• Foreground simulations for the LOFAR - Epoch of Reionization Experiment
• Feedback and the fudamental line of low-luminosity LSB/dwarf galaxies
• An excess of massive stars in the local 30 Doradus starburst
• The Reionization History at High Redshifts I: Physical Models and New Constraints from CMB Polarization
• On the Formation of Globular Cluster Systems in a Hierarchical Universe
• Early Metal Enrichment by Pregalactic Outflows: II. Simulations of Blow-away
• On the Threshold of the Reionization Epoch
• Energy Feedback from X-ray Binaries in the Early Universe
• The Large-Misalignment Mechanism for the Formation of Compact Axion Structures: Signatures from the QCD Axion to Fuzzy Dark Matter
• Gravitational Quenching in Massive Galaxies and Clusters by Clumpy Accretion
• The Discovery of Two Lyman$\alpha$ Emitters Beyond Redshift 6 in the Subaru Deep Field
• Chemical Evolution in Hierarchical Models Of Cosmic Structure I: Constraints on the Early Stellar Initial Mass Function
• Shock Waves in Eulerian Cosmological Simulations: Main Properties and Acceleration of Cosmic Rays
• A Simple Technique for Predicting High-Redshift Galaxy Evolution
• Metallicity-Dependent quenching of Star Formation at High Redshift in Small Galaxies
• Towards a More Standardized Candle Using GRB Energetics and Spectra
• Evidence for a Massive Post-Starburst Galaxy at z ~ 6.5
• HI 21cm absorption beyond the epoch of re-ionization
• The ACS LCID project. V. The Star Formation History of the Dwarf Galaxy \objectname[]{LGS-3}: Clues for Cosmic Reionization and Feedback
• No missing photons for reionization: moderate ionizing photon escape fractions from the FIRE-2 simulations
• A Tale of Two Paradigms: the Mutual Incommensurability of LCDM and MOND
• The THESAN project: properties of the intergalactic medium and its connection to Reionization-era galaxies
• The C IV Mass Density of the Universe at Redshift 5
• Radiative feedback from an early X-ray background
• A Study of the Reionization History of Intergalactic Helium with FUSE and VLT
• The Epoch of Reionization
• Chandra Observations of the Highest Redshift Quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• Luminous Lyman Break Galaxies at z>5 and the Source of Reionization
• VLT observations of the z=6.28 quasar SDSS 1030+0524
• Power spectrum extraction for redshifted 21-cm epoch of reionization experiments: the LOFAR case
• A Hubble & Spitzer Space Telescope Survey for Gravitationally-Lensed Galaxies: Further Evidence for a Significant Population of Low Luminosity Galaxies beyond Redshift Seven
• A Subaru Search for Lyman$\alpha$ Emitters at Redshift 5.7
• HI as a Probe of the Large Scale Structure in the Post-Reionization Universe
• The bispectrum of redshifted 21-cm fluctuations from the dark ages
• Cosmological Hydrogen Reionization with Three Dimensional Radiative Transfer
• Model-Independent Reionization Observables in the CMB
• The escape fraction of ionizing photons from high redshift galaxies from data-constrained reionization models
• Evidence for Primordial Clustering Around the QSO SDSS J1030+0524 at z=6.28
• Cosmic reionization after Planck II: contribution from quasars
• The Reionization History at High Redshifts II: Estimating the Optical Depth to Thomson Scattering from CMB Polarization
• Gamma-Ray Bursts versus Quasars: Lyman-alpha Signatures of Reionization versus Cosmological Infall
• The brighter galaxies reionised the Universe
• Forecasts on the Dark Energy and Primordial Non-Gaussianity Observations with the Tianlai Cylinder Array
• The First Galaxies: Assembly of Disks and Prospects for Direct Detection
• Efficiency of Nonlinear Particle Acceleration at Cosmic Structure Shocks
• The Physical Properties and Detectability of Reionization-Epoch Galaxies
• MMT Spectroscopy of Lyman-alpha at z$\simeq$7: Evidence for Accelerated Reionization Around Massive Galaxies
• Probing Reionization with Intensity Mapping of Molecular and Fine Structure Lines
• Constraining the population of 6 < z < 10 star-forming galaxies with deep near-IR images of lensing clusters
• The ACS LCID project. IX. Imprints of the early Universe in the radial variation of the star formation history of dwarf galaxies
• Constraining the contribution of active galactic nuclei to reionisation
• Reionization - A probe for the stellar population and the physics of the early universe
• Model-independent constraints on the hydrogen-ionizing emissivity at z>6
• The Epoch of Reionization in Models with Reduced Small Scale Power
• Large Scale Structure in the SDSS DR1 Galaxy Survey
• Large Scale Structure in the SDSS Galaxy Survey
• Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of the first quasars: X-rays from the age of cosmic enlightenment
• A Galaxy at z = 6.545 and Constraints on the Epoch of Reionization
• The evolution of Lyman-break galaxies in CDM
• The Lyman Continuum Escape Fraction of Low-Mass Star-Forming Galaxies at z~1
• The Near Infrared Background: Interplanetary Dust or Primordial Stars?
• Dark-ages Reionization and Galaxy Formation Simulation - X. The small contribution of quasars to reionization
• The Cosmic Microwave Background and the Ionization History of the Universe
• Intensity mapping of molecular gas during cosmic reionization
• Constraining the astrophysics and cosmology from 21cm tomography using deep learning with the SKA
• Spectroscopy of z~6 i-dropout Galaxies: Frequency of Ly-alpha Emission and the Sizes of Ly-alpha Emitting Galaxies
• Constraints on the UV metagalactic emissivity using the LyA forest
• Possible Detection of Cosmological Reionization Sources
• 21cm-line bispectrum as method to probe Cosmic Dawn and Epoch of Reionization
• Large-Scale Simulations of Reionization
• The Lyman Continuum escape fraction of emission line-selected $z\sim 2.5$ galaxies is less than 15%
• The early reionization with the primordial magnetic fields
• A photometric survey for Lyalpha-HeII dual emitters: Searching for Population III stars in high-redshift galaxies
• The imprint of cosmic reionisation on the luminosity function of galaxies
• Star Clusters in Evolving Galaxies
• Joint QSO-CMB constraints on reionization history
• Photo-heating and supernova feedback amplify each other's effect on the cosmic star formation rate
• Runaway Stars and the Escape of Ionizing Radiation from High-Redshift Galaxies
• Detection and extraction of signals from the epoch of reionization using higher order one-point statistics
• Reionization constraints using Principal Component Analysis
• CMB Temperature and Polarization Anisotropy Fundamentals
• Far-Ultraviolet & X-ray Observations of VV 114: Feedback in a Local Analog to Lyman Break Galaxies
• Ultraviolet Luminosity Density of the Universe During the Epoch of Reionization
• Magnetorotational collapse of very massive stars to black holes in full general relativity
• Star Formation at Very Low Metallicity. IV. Fragmentation Does Not Depend on Metallicity for Cold Initial Conditions
• Modeling UV Radiation Feedback from Massive Stars: III. Escape of Radiation from Star-forming Giant Molecular Clouds
• Confrontation of MOND Predictions with WMAP First Year Data
• Observable Properties of Cosmological Reionization Sources
• A Search for Lyman alpha Emitters at Redshift 3.7
• Influence of primordial magnetic fields on 21 cm emission
• Rapid Calculation of Theoretical CMB Angular Power Spectra
• Semi-analytic forecasts for JWST -- III. Intrinsic production efficiency of Lyman-continuum radiation
• Lyman-alpha spectroscopy of extreme [OIII] emitting galaxies at $z\simeq 2-3$: Implications for Ly$\alpha$ visibility and LyC leakage at $z>6$
• A Search for Ionized Gas in the Draco and Ursa Minor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies
• Star Formation at the Twilight of the Dark Ages: Which Stars Reionized the Universe?
• The little things matter: relating the abundance of ultrafaint satellites to the hosts' assembly history
• Studying 21cm power spectrum with one-point statistics
• Lyman `bump' galaxies - II. A possible signature of massive extremely metal-poor or metal-free stars in z=3.1 Ly-alpha emitters
• A High Space Density of Luminous Lyman Alpha Emitters at z~6.5
• A Strong Lyman-alpha Emitter at z=6.33 in the Subaru Deep Field Selected as an i' Dropout
• Variability-based AGN selection using image subtraction in the SDSS and LSST era
• Redshift space 21 cm power spectra from reionization
• Dark stars: Implications and constraints from cosmic reionization and extragalactic background radiation
• Background reionization history from omniscopes
• Constraining the reionization history using deep learning from 21cm tomography with the Square Kilometre Array
• Predicting LyC emission of galaxies using their physical and Ly$\alpha$ emission properties
• Young Galaxy Candidates in the Hubble Frontier Fields IV. MACS J1149.5+2223
• Measuring the reionization optical depth without large-scale CMB polarization
• COMAP Early Science: VII. Prospects for CO Intensity Mapping at Reionization
• Partially ionizing the universe by decaying particles
• Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 Observations of Escaping Lyman Continuum Radiation from Galaxies and Weak AGN at Redshifts $z$$\simeq$2.3-4.1
• Observations of HI 21cm absorption by the neutral IGM during the epoch of re-ionization with the Square Kilometer Array
• RC J0311+0507: A Candidate for Superpowerful Radio Galaxies in the Early Universe at Redshift z=4.514
• The Earliest Epoch of Reionisation in the Standard $\Lambda$CDM Model
• Re-ionizing the Universe without Stars
• The OH line contamination of 21 cm intensity fluctuation measurements for z=1~4
• A Subaru Search for Lyman-Alpha Emitters at z=5.8 with an Intermediate-Band Filter
• First study of reionization in the Planck 2015 normalized closed $\Lambda$CDM inflation model
• The Sky Polarization Observatory
• The Escape Fraction of Ionizing Radiation from Galaxies
• Transport on Adaptive Random Lattices
• BeyondPlanck I. Global Bayesian analysis of the Planck Low Frequency Instrument data
• The Chandra Deep Field-North Survey. XVI. The X-ray properties of moderate-luminosity Active Galaxies at z>4
• Probing patchy reionization through tau-21cm correlation statistics
• Cosmic Renaissance: The First Sources of Light
• Radiation-induced large-scale structure during the reionization epoch: the autocorrelation function
• CosmoReionMC: A package for estimating cosmological and astrophysical parameters using CMB, Lyman-α absorption and global 21 cm data
• Cosmic Reionization May Still Have Started Early and Ended Late: Confronting Early Onset with CMB Anisotropy and 21 cm Global Signals
• Radio Detection of Green Peas: Implications for Magnetic Fields in Young Galaxies
• The potential of INTEGRAL for the detection of high redshift GRBs
• ARTIST: Fast radiative transfer for large-scale simulations of the epoch of reionisation
• Reionization on Large Scales II: Detecting Patchy Reionization through Cross Correlation of the Cosmic Microwave Background
• Ly alpha emissters at z=6.5 in the SSA22 field: An area more neutral or void at the end of the reionization epoch
• A Halo Model Approach to the $21\mathrm{cm}$ and $\mathrm{Ly}\alpha$ Cross-correlation
• Lyman Continuum Galaxy Candidates in COSMOS
• A Bayesian analysis of redshifted 21-cm HI signal and foregrounds: Simulations for LOFAR
• Direct evidence for an early reionization of the Universe?
• X-rays and hard UV radiation From the First Galaxies: Ionization Bubbles and 21 cm Observations
• Gravitational wave background from Population III black hole formation
• Ionizing photon production and escape fractions during cosmic reionization in the TNG50 simulation
• Characterizing EoR foregrounds: A study of the Lockman Hole Region at 325 MHz
• Detection of additional Wolf-Rayet stars in the starburst cluster Westerlund 1 with SOAR
• Gamma Ray Bursts and their links with Supernovae and Cosmology
• High Energy Neutrino Emission from the Earliest Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The Dark Ages of the Universe and Hydrogen Reionization
• Lyman$\alpha$ Emitters beyond Redshift 5:The Dawn of Galaxy Formation
• Impact of dark matter models on the EoR 21-cm signal bispectrum
• The First Compact Objects in the $\Lambda$-dominated Universe
• Observing the Reionization : Effect of Calibration and Position Errors on Realistic Observation Conditions
• Distinctive 21 cm structures of the first stars, galaxies, and quasars
• Quasars as Probes of Late Reionization and Early Structure Formation
• A General Bayesian Framework to Account for Foreground Map Errors in Global 21-cm Experiments
• First study of reionization in tilted flat and untilted non-flat dynamical dark energy inflation models
• Large-scale structure and matter in the universe
• Relativistic Astronomy
• Hydrogen Clouds before Reionization: a Lognormal Model Approach
• Mutual Constraints Between Reionization Models and Parameter Extraction From Cosmic Microwave Background Data
• MMTF Discovery of Giant Ionization Cones in MR 2251-178: Implications for Quasar Radiative Feedback
• Searching for the Sources Responsible for Cosmic Reionization: Probing 7 < z < 10 and Beyond
• Early reionization by decaying particles and cosmic microwave background radiation
• Millimeter observations of HCM6A, a gravitationally lensed Lyman alpha emitting galaxy at z=6.56
• How feedback shapes galaxies: an analytic model
• Probing Distant Massive Black Holes with LISA
• Galactic O-type stars in LAMOST data
• Gamma-ray bursts as X-ray depth-gauges of the Universe
• Near-Infrared Colors of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows and Cosmic Reionization History
• Observational estimates of the initial power spectrum at small scale from Lyman-$\alpha$ absorbers
• 21cm Global Signal Extraction: Extracting the 21cm Global Signal using Artificial Neural Networks
• The impact and response of minihalos and the inter-halo medium on cosmic reionization
• The ACS LCID Project XI. On the early time resolution of LG dwarf galaxy SFHs: Comparing the effects of reionization in models with observations
• Source Mergers and Bubble Growth During Reionization
• HI 21cm probes of reionization, and beyond
• Searching for patchy reionization from cosmic microwave background with hybrid quadratic estimators
• The archival discovery of a strong Lyman-$\alpha$ and [CII] emitter at z = 7.677
• Probing delayed-end reionization histories with the 21cm-LAE cross-power spectrum
• Constraining the luminosity function of faint undetected i-dropout galaxies
• Optical to Near-IR Spectrum of a Massive Evolved Galaxy at z = 1.26
• The inhomogenous reionization of the inter-galactic medium by metal-poor globular clusters
• Early reionization by decaying particles in the light of three year WMAP data
• The duration of reionization constrains the ionizing sources
• The Sweep Method for radiative Transfer in Arepo
• Blueberry galaxies up to 200 Mpc and their optical and infrared properties
• Maximal X-ray feedback in the pre-reionization universe
• A CRASH simulation of the contribution of binary stars to the epoch of reionization
• CMB Polarization as complementary information to anisotropies
• Radio properties of Green Pea galaxies
• PAC in DESI. I. Galaxy Stellar Mass Function into the $10^6{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ Frontier
• The Wouthuysen-Field effect in a clumpy intergalactic medium
• Unresolved z~8 point sources and their impact on the bright end of the galaxy luminosity function
• The Intermediate-band Dropout Method: A New Method to Search for High-Redshift Galaxies
• Searching for high-redshift centimeter-wave continuum, line and maser emission using the Square Kilometer Array
• Coronal Properties of Low-mass Population III Stars and the Radiative Feedback in the Early Universe
• Subaru medium-resolution spectra of a QSO at z=6.62: Three reionization tests
• Potential contributions of Pop III and intermediate-mass Pop II stars to cosmic chemical enrichment
• A Multi-messenger view of Cosmic Dawn: Conquering the Final Frontier
• Spectroscopy of an extreme [OIII] emitting active galactic nucleus at $z=3.212$: implications for the reionisation era
• Constraining warm dark matter power spectrum using the cross-correlation of HI 21 cm signal and the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest
• Background of gravitational waves from pre-galactic black hole formation
• Metal Enrichment and Reionization Constraints on Early Star Formation
• Simulating the collapse of rotating primordial gas clouds to study the survival possibility of Pop III protostars
• Semi analytical description of formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies
• Probing the physics and history of cosmic reionization with the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect
• Reionization and CMB non-Gaussianity
• Impact of accretion-induced chemically homogeneous evolution on stellar and compact binary populations
• Cosmic Reionization Study : Principle Component Analysis After Planck
• Reionisation time fields reconstruction from 21 cm signal maps
• CMB anisotropies from patchy reionisation and diffuse Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effects
• Radiative transfer of 21-cm line through ionised cavities in an expanding universe
• Observing high redshift galaxy clusters through lensing of the Ostriker-Vishniac effect
• Searches for high redshift galaxies using gravitational lensing
• A resolved Lyman-Alpha profile with doubly peaked emission at z~7
• Discovery of the Asymmetric Effect in the Response of Photoionization Gas
• The haloes that reionized the Universe
• On the Reionization of the Universe
• Formation of Stellar Clusters and the Importance of Thermodynamics for Fragmentation
• Star Forming Galaxies at z > 5
• Simulation based inference of the ionization history from the 2D 21 cm power spectrum
• A partially occulting MACHO-microlensing event in the Twin Quasar Q0957+561
• First Light: Switching on Stars at the Dawn of Time
• A survey of NB921 dropouts in the Subaru Deep Field
• Ultra-fast model emulation with PRISM; analyzing the Meraxes galaxy formation model