The Cosmic Infrared Background: Measurements and Implications

Abstract

The cosmic infrared background records much of the radiant energy released by processes of structure formation that have occurred since the decoupling of matter and radiation following the Big Bang. In the past few years, data from the Cosmic Background Explorer mission provided the first measurements of this background, with additional constraints coming from studies of the attenuation of TeV gamma-rays. At the same time there has been rapid progress in resolving a significant fraction of this background with the deep galaxy counts at infrared wavelengths from the Infrared Space Observatory instruments and at submillimeter wavelengths from the Submillimeter Common User Bolometer Array instrument. This article reviews the measurements of the infrared background and sources contributing to it, and discusses the implications for past and present cosmic processes.

61 pages, incl. 9 figures, to be published in Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2001, Vol. 39

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• Galaxy And Mass Assembly: the evolution of the cosmic spectral energy distribution from z = 1 to z = 0
• Redshifts of distant blazar limited by Fermi and VHE $\gamma$-ray observations
• Measurements of the Zodiacal Light Absolute Intensity through Fraunhofer Absorption Line Spectroscopy with CIBER
• Hunting extreme BL Lacertae blazars with Fermi-LAT
• Very high-energy constraints on the Infrared Extragalactic Background Light
• Testing CIBER cosmic infrared background measurements and axionlike particles with observations of TeV blazars
• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as Star Formation Rate Indicators
• Deciphering the ~18 TeV photons from GRB 221009A
• The obscured gamma-ray and UHECR universe
• The impact of extragalactic foregrounds on internal delensing of CMB B-mode polarization
• The isotropic interplanetary dust cloud and near-infrared extragalactic background light observed with COBE/DIRBE
• CENN: A fully convolutional neural network for CMB recovery in realistic microwave sky simulations
• The Infrared Glow of First Stars
• SKYSURF: Constraints on Zodiacal Light and Extragalactic Background Light through Panchromatic HST All-Sky Surface-Brightness Measurements: II. First Limits on Diffuse Light at 1.25, 1.4, and 1.6 microns
• First Constraints on Source Counts at 350 Microns
• The Cosmic Radio and Infrared Backgrounds Connection
• A SCUBA/Spitzer Investigation of the Far Infra-Red Extragalactic Background
• Gamma-ray signatures of annihilation to charged leptons in dark matter substructure
• Probing the peak of the star formation rate density with the extragalactic background light
• Cross-correlation studies as a probe of reionization physics
• Universe opacity and CMB
• Intrinsic VHE Gamma-ray spectra of Blazars as a probe for Extragalactic Background Light
• An infrared study of local galaxy mergers
• Science opportunities with solar sailing smallsats
• Prospects for future very high-energy gamma-ray sky survey: impact of secondary gamma rays
• Determination of confusion noise for far-infrared measurements
• The Milky Way, Coming into Focus: Precision Astrometry Probes its Evolution, and its Dark Matter
• Strategies for the Follow-up of Gravitational Wave Transients with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Estimation of the Extragalactic Background Light using TeV Observations of BL~Lacs
• Intergalactic absorption and blazar gamma-ray spectra
• A radiative transfer model for the spiral galaxy M33
• A minimal empirical model for the cosmic far-infrared background anisotropies
• Dust emission model of Lyman-break galaxies
• Extragalactic diffuse gamma-rays from dark matter annihilation: revised prediction and full modelling uncertainties
• Measurements of the Cross Spectra of the Cosmic Infrared and Microwave Backgrounds from 95 to 1200 GHz
• Observations of the High Redshift Universe
• Constraining the Cosmic Background Light with four BL Lac TeV spectra
• Nonlinear Breit-Wheeler process in the collision of a photon with two plane waves
• Galactic and Extragalactic Sources of Very High Energy Gamma-rays
• Hunting distant BL Lacs with the photometric technique using Swift and SARA
• An Assessment of Contamination in the thermal-SZ Map Using Cross Correlations
• Extreme HBL-like behavior of Markarian 421 and its two-zone photohadronic interpretation
• The cosmic transparency measured with Type Ia supernovae: implications for intergalactic dust
• FIRBACK IV: Towards the nature of the 170microns source population
• GOODS-$Herschel$: identification of the individual galaxies responsible for the 80-290$\mu$m cosmic infrared background
• A physical model for the origin of the diffuse cosmic infrared background
• BLAST Observations of the South Ecliptic Pole field: Number Counts and Source Catalogs
• High zenith angle observations of PKS 2155-304 with the MAGIC-I telescope
• The Search for Celestial Positronium via the Recombination Spectrum
• EBL Inhomogeneity and Hard-Spectrum Gamma-Ray Sources
• Optical spectroscopic classification of a selection of Southern Hemisphere Fermi-LAT unclassified blazars
• Searching for TeV Candidates in 4LAC High-synchrotron-peaked Frequency BL Lac Objects
• A low density of the Extragalactic Background Light revealed by the H.E.S.S. spectra of the BLLac objects 1ES 1101-232 and H 2356-309
• Modelling the spectral energy distribution of galaxies: introducing the artificial neural network
• Optical Spectroscopy of Blazars for the Cherenkov Telescope Array -- II
• The SCUBA-2 Large eXtragalactic Survey: 850um map, catalogue and the bright-end number counts of the XMM-LSS field
• Cosmological origin of anomalous radio background
• Interpreting the cosmic far-infrared background anisotropies using a gas regulator model
• Optimizing future experiments of cosmic far-infrared background: a principal component approach
• Quasar UV Luminosity Function at $3.5<z<5.0$ from SDSS Deep Imaging Data
• Astrophysics with New Horizons: Making the Most of a Generational Opportunity
• Normalization of the extragalactic background light from high-energy gamma-ray observations
• Probing early structure and model-independent neutrino mass with high-redshift CMB lensing mass maps
• Measurement of the Relativistic Sunyaev-Zeldovich Corrections in RX J1347.5-1145
• A panchromatic study of BLAST counterparts: total star-formation rate, morphology, AGN fraction and stellar mass
• Probing $\mu$eV ALPs with future LHAASO observation of AGN $\gamma$-ray spectra
• Questioning Planck-selected star-forming high-redshift galaxy protoclusters and their fate
• Constraining Extragalactic Background Light From TeV Blazars
• Fundamental Limits of Detection in the Far Infrared
• Recent developments in astrophysical and cosmological exploitation of microwave surveys
• Impact of Dust on Spectral Distortion Measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background
• Extragalactic background light models and GeV-TeV observation of blazars
• An original constraint on the Hubble constant: h>0.74
• The glow of primordial remnants
• Universe opacity and EBL
• AKARI Far-Infrared Source Counts in the Lockman Hole
• Have we seen all the galaxies that comprise the cosmic infrared background at 250\,$\mu$m $\le \lambda \le$ 500\,$\mu$m?
• Cosmic transparency and acceleration
• VERITAS Observations of Six Bright, Hard-Spectrum Fermi-LAT Blazars
• Combined constraints on intergalactic dust from quasar colours and the soft X-ray background
• Infrared Spectral Energy Distribution of Galaxies in the AKARI All Sky Survey: Correlations with Galaxy Properties, and Their Physical Origin
• Model-independent Redshift Estimation of BL Lac Objects through VHE Observations
• The faint end of the 250 micron luminosity function at z < 0.5
• Probabilistic and progressive deblended far-infrared and sub-millimetre point source catalogues I. Methodology and first application in the COSMOS field
• The extragalactic background light from the measurements of the attenuation of high-energy gamma-ray spectrum
• The Effectiveness of Mid IR / Far IR Blind, Wide Area, Spectral Surveys in Breaking the Confusion Limit
• EBL effect on the observation of multi-TeV flaring of 2009 from Markarian 501
• Effects of Spatial Fluctuations in the Extra Galactic Background Light on Hard Gamma Ray Spectra
• Probing the evolution of the EBL photon density out to $z\sim 1$ via $\gamma$-ray propagation measurements with Fermi
• Constraints on galaxy formation from the cosmic-far-infrared-background\,$-$\,optical-imaging cross-correlation using \textit{Herschel} and UNIONS
• Spectroscopic follow-up of 70μm sources in Spitzer Wide-area Infrared Extragalactic Legacy Survey
• Fermi-LAT high $z$ AGN and the Extragalactic Background Light
• Confusion of extragalactic sources in the far infrared: a baseline assessment of the performance of PRIMAger in intensity and polarization
• The origin of multi-TeV flares from the nearest blazar Markarian 421
• The local-filament pattern in the anomalous transparency of the Universe for energetic gamma rays
• Gamma-ray constraints on the infrared background excess
• Constraining the Emission Properties of TeV Blazar H1426+428 by the Synchrotron-Self-Compton Model
• On the Origin of Dust in Galaxy Clusters at Low to Intermediate Redshift
• NuSTAR Observations and multi-wavelength modeling of the high-redshift BL Lac Object 4FGL J2146.5-1344
• Understanding galaxy formation with ISO deep surveys
• Contribution of the first galaxies to the cosmic far-infrared/sub-millimeter background - I. Mean background level
• Photohadronic scenario in interpreting the February-March 2014 flare of 1ES 1011+496
• Cosmological constraints on the radiation released during structure formation
• Meausurement of Sky Suface Brightness Fluctuations at lambda = 4 micron
• Identifying TeV Source Candidates among Fermi-LAT Unclassified Blazars
• Extending PLE models into the mid-IR, far-IR & sub-mm
• Absorption features in sub-TeV gamma-ray spectra of BL Lac objects
• The nature of the intrinsic spectra from the VHE emission of H 2356-309 and 1ES 1101-232
• Mechanism of very high energy radiation in BL Lacertae object 3C 66A
• The near-infrared radiation background, gravitational wave background and star formation rate of Pop III and Pop II during cosmic reionization
• First Light and Reionization: A Conference Summary
• Artificial Neural Networks for cosmic gamma-ray propagation in the Universe
• A deep-learning approach to the 3D reconstruction of dust density and temperature in star-forming regions
• Propagation of very-high-energy $\gamma$-rays from distant blazars
• Transverse velocities and matter gradient correlations: a new signal and a new challenge to moving-lens analyses
• Dust emission in the far-IR as a star formation tracer at z=0: systematic trends with luminosity
• Point Source Detection with Fully-Convolutional Networks: Performance in Realistic Simulations
• The LABOCA/ACT Survey of Clusters at All Redshifts: multi-wavelength analysis of background submillimeter galaxies
• Monitoring the Extragalactic High Energy Sky
• The Shocking Truth: The small contribution to hydrogen reionization from gravitational infall
• On the detection of TeV gamma-rays from GRB with km-cube neutrino telescopes --- I. Muon event rate from single GRBs
• A halo model of extragalactic contamination to CMB lensing, delensing, and cross-correlations
• Forecasts for Broadband Intensity Mapping of the Ultraviolet-Optical Background with CASTOR and SPHEREx
• Astronomical imaging Fourier spectroscopy at far-infrared wavelengths
• Probing Gamma-Ray Burst afterglows with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Design of The Kinetic Inductance Detector Based Focal Plane Assembly for The Terahertz Intensity Mapper
• GeV-TeV $\gamma$-ray energy spectral break of BL Lac objects
• XMM-NuSTAR Observation and Multiwavelength SED Modeling of Blazar 4FGL J1520.8-0348
• Infrared emission from dust and the spectral features of extragalactic gamma-ray sources
• Global Spectral Energy Distributions of the Large Magellanic Cloud with Interstellar Dust
• The discrepancy in the mid-infrared continuum and the features of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for Spitzer and Herschel SWIRE-field galaxies
• Search for Very-High-Energy Gamma Rays from the z = 0.896 Quasar 4C +55.17 with the MAGIC telescopes
• Direct High-Resolution Imaging of Earth-Like Exoplanets
• Voyager 3: A Concept Mission to Interstellar Medium
• Considering light-matter interactions in the Friedmann equations
• Constraints on the Optical-IR extragalactic background from gamma-ray absorption studies
• Constraints on Extragalactic Background Light using TeV Observations of BL Lacertae objects
• Modelling the evolution of dusty starburst galaxies in multi-band deep surveys
• The Role of Dust in Producing the Cosmic Infrared Background
• Redshift constrain of BL Lac PKS 1424+240
• The extragalactic background light: lower vs upper limits
• Gamma rays: propagation and detection
• Impact of galactic and intergalactic dust on the stellar EBL
• Prospects of additional contribution at Optical-NIR band of EBL in the light of VHE spectra
• A far-infrared survey at the North Galactic Pole I: Nearby star-forming galaxies and the effect of confused sources on source counts
• Constraining the redshift of BL Lac VER J0521+211
• SKYSURF-11: A New Zodiacal Light Model Optimized for Optical Wavelengths
• A photohadronic interpretation of the H.E.S.S. afterglow observations from GRB 221009A
• Extracting cosmological signals from foregrounds in deep mm maps of the sky
• The First VHE Activity of OJ 287 and the Extragalactic Background Light
• Cosmic ray susceptibility of the Terahertz Intensity Mapper detector arrays
• Simultaneously unveiling the EBL and intrinsic spectral parameters of gamma-ray sources with Hamiltonian Monte Carlo
• Low-Resolution Near-infrared Stellar Spectra Observed by the Cosmic Infrared Background Experiment (CIBER)
• The influence of the Sun and Moon on the observation of very high energy gamma-ray sources using EAS arrays
• SKYSURF. X. A Novel Method for Measuring Integrated Galaxy Light
• EBL Constraints Using a Sample of TeV Gamma-Ray Emitters Measured with the MAGIC Telescopes
• An empirical approach to the extragalactic background light from AEGIS galaxy SED-type fractions
• The cosmic background: evolution of infrared galaxies and dust properties. A lecture dedicated to the memory of Mayo Greenberg
• The impact of kilonova seed photons on GRB VHE emission
• The H.E.S.S. Extragalactic Sky
• Ultra high-energy cosmic rays from beyond the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz'min horizon
• Extreme Blazars Observed with MAGIC: Second Catalog Release
• Viability of quantum communication across interstellar distances
• Multi-frequency point source detection with fully convolutional networks: Performance in realistic microwave sky simulations
• A Semi-Empirical Model of the Infrared Emission from Galaxies
• The impact of plasma instability cooling on intergalactic magnetic field constraints in GeV cascades for optimized instability cooling parameters