Galactic and Extragalactic Sources of Very High Energy Gamma-rays

Abstract

Very high energy γ-rays are one of the most important messengers of the non-thermal Universe. The major motivation of very high energy γ-ray astronomy is to find sources of high energy cosmic rays. Several astrophysical sources are known to accelerate cosmic rays to very high energies under extreme conditions. Very high energy γ-rays are produced at these astrophysical sites or near through interactions of cosmic rays in the surrounding medium close to the sources. Gamma-rays, being neutral, travel in a straight line and thus give us valuable information about the cosmic ray sources and their surroundings. Additionally, very high energy γ-ray astronomy can probe many fundamental physics questions. Ground-based γ-ray astronomy began its journey in 1989 when Whipple telescope detected TeV γ-rays from the Crab, a pulsar wind nebula in the Milky Way. In the last two decades, technological improvements have facilitated the development of the latest generation of very high energy detectors and telescopes which have delivered exciting new results. Until now over two hundred very high energy γ-ray sources, both galactic and extra-galactic has been detected. These observations have provided a deeper insight into a large number of important questions in high energy astrophysics and astroparticle physics. This review article is an attempt to enumerate the most important results in the exciting and rapidly developing field of very high energy γ-ray astronomy.

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• Quantum Spacetime Phenomenology
• BL Lac Objects in the Synchrotron Proton Blazar Model
• The H.E.S.S. survey of the Inner Galaxy in very high-energy gamma-rays
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• Variable VHE gamma-ray emission from Markarian 501
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• The Cosmic Infrared Background Resolved by Spitzer. Contributions of Mid-Infrared Galaxies to the Far-Infrared Background
• Acceleration of petaelectronvolt protons in the Galactic Centre
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• Fermi-LAT Observations of Markarian 421: the Missing Piece of its Spectral Energy Distribution
• Discovery of the Binary Pulsar PSR B1259-63 in Very-High-Energy Gamma Rays around Periastron with H.E.S.S
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• Discovery of a High-Energy Gamma-Ray-Emitting Persistent Microquasar
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• VHE Gamma-Ray Observation of the Crab Nebula and its Pulsar with the MAGIC telescope
• Teraelectronvolt emission from the $\gamma$-ray burst GRB 190114C
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• A very-high-energy component deep in the Gamma-ray Burst afterglow
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• A connection between star formation activity and cosmic rays in the starburst galaxy M 82
• Limits to Quantum Gravity Effects from Observations of TeV Flares in Active Galaxies
• Galactic Cosmic Rays from Supernova Remnants: II Shock Acceleration of Gas and Dust
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• Hard X-ray properties of blazars
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• Implications of very rapid TeV variability in blazars
• Radio Imaging of the Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission Region in the Central Engine of a Radio Galaxy
• Multiple Galactic Sources with Emission Above 56 TeV Detected by HAWC
• Observation of Supernova Remnant IC443 with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
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• High-Altitude Particle Acceleration and Radiation in Pulsar Slot Gaps
• A Multi-wavelength View of the TeV Blazar Markarian 421: Correlated Variability, Flaring, and Spectral Evolution
• Detection of Gamma Rays From a Starburst Galaxy
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• H.E.S.S. observations of the Galactic Center region and their possible dark matter interpretation
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• Observation of Pulsed Gamma-rays Above 25 GeV from the Crab Pulsar with MAGIC
• First Detection of Photons with Energy Beyond 100 TeV from an Astrophysical Source
• Measurement of the extragalactic background light imprint on the spectra of the brightest blazars observed with H.E.S.S
• Detection of Pulsed Gamma Rays Above 100 GeV from the Crab Pulsar
• Discovery of VHE Gamma Radiation from IC443 with the MAGIC Telescope
• Energy dependent gamma-ray morphology in the Pulsar wind nebula HESSJ1825-137
• The 2010 very high energy gamma-ray flare & 10 years of multi-wavelength observations of M 87
• Detection of TeV gamma-ray Emission from the Shell-Type Supernova Remnant RX J0852.0-4622 with H.E.S.S
• Black hole lightning due to particle acceleration at subhorizon scales
• A Lower-Limit Flux for the Extragalactic Background Light
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• Revealing x-ray and gamma ray temporal and spectral similarities in the GRB 190829A afterglow
• First detection of VHE gamma-rays from SN 1006 by H.E.S.S
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• High-Altitude Emission from Pulsar Slot Gaps: The Crab Pulsar
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• Efficient cosmic ray acceleration, hydrodynamics, and Self-consistent Thermal X-ray Emission applied to SNR RX J1713.7-3946
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• Observation of Extended VHE Emission from the Supernova Remnant IC 443 with VERITAS
• Very high energy particle acceleration powered by the jets of the microquasar SS 433
• Search for $\gamma$-ray line signals from dark matter annihilations in the inner Galactic halo from ten years of observations with H.E.S.S
• Measurement of the Crab Nebula Spectrum Past 100 TeV with HAWC
• MAGIC Gamma-ray Telescope Observation of the Perseus Cluster of Galaxies: implications for cosmic rays, dark matter, and NGC1275
• Absorption of 10--200 Gev Gamma Rays by Radiation from BLR in Blazars
• Multiwavelength Study of Quiescent States of Mrk 421 with Unprecedented Hard X-Ray Coverage Provided by NuSTAR in 2013
• Teraelectronvolt pulsed emission from the Crab pulsar detected by MAGIC
• Search for Lorentz Invariance breaking with a likelihood fit of the PKS 2155-304 flare data taken on MJD 53944
• Unprecedented study of the broadband emission of Mrk 421 during flaring activity in March 2010
• Simultaneous multiwavelength observations of the second exceptional gamma-ray flare of PKS 2155-304 in July 2006
• Radio Observations of PSR B1259-63 through the 2004 periastron passage
• Gamma Ray Bursts
• The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies
• Dark Matter Constraints from a Joint Analysis of Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy Observations with VERITAS
• Very-high-energy gamma-rays from the Universe's middle age: detection of the z=0.940 blazar PKS 1441+25 with MAGIC
• Constraints on Cosmic Rays, Magnetic Fields, and Dark Matter from Gamma-Ray Observations of the Coma Cluster of Galaxies with VERITAS and Fermi
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• Phase-resolved energy spectra of the Crab Pulsar in the range of 50-400 GeV measured with the MAGIC Telescopes
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• VERITAS Deep Observations of the Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy Segue 1
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• Rapid TeV Gamma-Ray Flaring of BL Lacertae
• Measurement of the Extragalactic Background Light using MAGIC and Fermi-LAT gamma-ray observations of blazars up to z = 1
• Simultaneous multiwavelength observations of the blazar 1ES1959+650 at a low TeV flux
• VERITAS Discovery of >200GeV Gamma-ray Emission from the Intermediate-frequency-peaked BL Lac Object W Comae
• Gamma rays from the quasar PKS 1441+25: story of an escape
• Bounds on Lorentz invariance violation from MAGIC observation of GRB 190114C
• Observations of the Sagittarius Dwarf galaxy by the H.E.S.S. experiment and search for a Dark Matter signal
• A cut-off in the TeV gamma-ray spectrum of the SNR Cassiopeia A
• MAGIC gamma-ray and multifrequency observations of flat spectrum radio quasar PKS 1510-089 in early 2012
• Observation of VHE gamma-rays from Cassiopeia A with the MAGIC telescope
• VERITAS Observations of a Very High Energy Gamma-ray Flare from the Blazar 3C 66A
• MAGIC observations and multiwavelength properties of the quasar 3C279 in 2007 and 2009
• Multiwavelength observations of a TeV-Flare from W Comae
• On the Nature of MeV-blazars
• Potential PeVatron supernova remnant G106.3+2.7 seen in the highest-energy gamma rays
• Detection of very high energy gamma-ray emission from the gravitationally-lensed blazar QSO B0218+357 with the MAGIC telescopes
• Particle Transport within the Pulsar Wind Nebula HESS J1825-137
• Observations of the shell-type SNR Cassiopeia A at TeV energies with VERITAS
• Gamma-Ray Burst Science in the Era of the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Possible Production of High-Energy Gamma Rays from Proton Acceleration in the Extragalactic Radio Source Markarian 501
• Search for Dark Matter Annihilation Signals from the Fornax Galaxy Cluster with H.E.S.S
• Spectral analysis and interpretation of the γ-ray emission from the Starburst galaxy NGC 253
• The extreme HBL behaviour of Markarian 501 during 2012
• A new SNR with TeV shell-type morphology: HESS J1731-347
• VERITAS Search for VHE Gamma-ray Emission from Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies
• Observations of the Crab pulsar between 25 GeV and 100 GeV with the MAGIC I telescope
• Measurement of the EBL spectral energy distribution using the VHE gamma-ray spectra of H.E.S.S. blazars
• High energy gamma-ray emission from Gamma-Ray Bursts -- before GLAST
• An Empirical Determination of the Intergalactic Background Light from UV to FIR Wavelengths Using FIR Deep Galaxy Surveys and the Gamma-ray Opacity of the Universe
• Gamma-ray observations of Tycho's SNR with VERITAS and Fermi
• Mrk 421 active state in 2008: the MAGIC view, simultaneous multi-wavelength observations and SSC model constrained
• Multiwavelength observations of Mrk 501 in 2008
• Observation of very high energy gamma-rays from the AGN 1ES 2344+514 in a low emission state with the MAGIC telescope
• Observation of VHE gamma-ray emission from the Active Galactic Nucleus 1ES1959+650 using the MAGIC telecope
• Detection of Extended VHE Gamma Ray Emission from G106.3+2.7 with VERITAS
• Periastron Observations of TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from a Binary System with a 50-year Period
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• A re-visit of the phase-resolved X-ray and γ-ray spectra of the Crab pulsar
• The 2012 flare of PG 1553+113 seen with H.E.S.S. and Fermi-LAT
• Limits on the extragalactic background light in the Fermi era
• Observation of Markarian 421 in TeV gamma rays over a 14-year time span
• Multiband variability studies and novel broadband SED modeling of Mrk 501 in 2009
• The 2014 TeV Gamma-ray Flare of Mrk 501 Seen with H.E.S.S.: Temporal and Spectral Constraints on Lorentz Invariance Violation
• HAWC J2227+610 and its association with G106.3+2.7, a new potential Galactic PeVatron
• Spatially Resolving the Very High Energy emission from MGRO J2019+37 with VERITAS
• Simultaneous Multiwavelength Observations of Markarian 421 During Outburst
• Resolving acceleration to very high energies along the Jet of Centaurus A
• Synchrotron Radiation and Quantum Gravity
• The starburst galaxy NGC 253 revisited by H.E.S.S. and Fermi-LAT
• A Very High Energy $\gamma$-Ray Survey towards the Cygnus Region of the Galaxy
• Search for dark matter signals towards a selection of recently-detected DES dwarf galaxy satellites of the Milky Way with H.E.S.S
• Deeper H.E.S.S. observations of Vela Junior (RX J0852.0$-$4622): Morphology studies and resolved spectroscopy
• MAGIC very large zenith angle observations of the Crab Nebula up to 100 TeV
• MAGIC observations of the nearby short gamma-ray burst GRB 160821B
• MAGIC observations of the February 2014 flare of 1ES 1011+496 and ensuing constraint of the EBL density
• PG 1553+113: five years of observations with MAGIC
• H.E.S.S. limits on line-like dark matter signatures in the 100 GeV to 2 TeV energy range close to the Galactic Centre
• Searches for gamma-ray lines and `pure WIMP' spectra from Dark Matter annihilations in dwarf galaxies with H.E.S.S
• Correlated X-ray and Very High Energy emission in the gamma-ray binary LS I +61 303
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• A new method to study energy-dependent arrival delays on photons from astrophysical sources
• Multiwavelength study of TeV Blazar Mrk421 during giant flare
• Discovery of hard-spectrum γ-ray emission from the BL Lac object 1ES 0414+009
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• Reconstructing the γ-ray Photon Optical Depth of the Universe to z~4 from Multiwavelength Galaxy Survey Data
• A Search for Dark Matter Annihilation with the Whipple 10m Telescope
• Unravelling the complex behavior of Mrk 421 with simultaneous X-ray and VHE observations during an extreme flaring activity in April 2013
• Characterizing the gamma-ray long-term variability of PKS 2155-304 with H.E.S.S. and Fermi-LAT
• Detection of the Geminga pulsar with MAGIC hints at a power-law tail emission beyond 15 GeV
• Multiwavelength observations of a VHE gamma-ray flare from PKS 1510-089 in 2015
• String Quantum Gravity, Lorentz-Invariance Violation and Gamma-Ray Astronomy
• Long-term study of Mkn 421 with the HAGAR Array of Telescopes
• Study of the variable broadband emission of Markarian 501 during the most extreme Swift X-ray activity
• Constraints on the emission region of 3C 279 during strong flares in 2014 and 2015 through VHE gamma-ray observations with H.E.S.S
• H.E.S.S. observations of the globular clusters NGC 6388 and M 15 and search for a Dark Matter signal
• The Flux Variability of Markarian 501 in Very High Energy Gamma Rays
• Constraining Dark Matter lifetime with a deep gamma-ray survey of the Perseus Galaxy Cluster with MAGIC
• A search for TeV gamma-ray emission from SNRs, pulsars and unidentified GeV sources in the Galactic plane in the longitude range between -2 deg and 85 deg
• The supernova remnant W49B as seen with H.E.S.S. and Fermi-LAT
• Long-term lightcurves from combined unified very high energy $\gamma$-ray data
• Long-term multi-wavelength variability and correlation study of Markarian 421 from 2007 to 2009
• Investigating Broadband Variability of the TeV Blazar 1ES 1959+650
• Broadband characterisation of the very intense TeV flares of the blazar 1ES 1959+650 in 2016
• H.E.S.S. Observations of the Binary System PSR B1259-63/LS 2883 around the 2010/2011 Periastron Passage
• The Great Markarian 421 Flare of February 2010: Multiwavelength variability and correlation studies
• Multifrequency Studies of the Peculiar Quasar 4C +21.35 During the 2010 Flaring Activity
• Constraining Lorentz invariance violation using the Crab Pulsar emission observed up to TeV energies by MAGIC
• A search for a dark matter annihilation signal towards the Canis Major overdensity with H.E.S.S
• High-Energy Emission from Pulsars: The Polar Cap Scenario
• First Ground-based Measurement of Sub-20 GeV to 100 GeV $\gamma$-rays from the Vela Pulsar with H.E.S.S. II
• Detection of persistent VHE gamma-ray emission from PKS 1510-089 by the MAGIC telescopes during low states between 2012 and 2017
• Discovery of High-energy and Very High Energy Gamma-ray Emission from the Blazar RBS 0413
• Indirect dark matter searches in the dwarf satellite galaxy Ursa Major II with the MAGIC Telescopes
• Multiwavelength Observations of the VHE Blazar 1ES 2344+514
• Measurement of the extragalactic background light spectral energy distribution with VERITAS
• A decade of multi-wavelength observations of the TeV blazar 1ES 1215+303: Extreme shift of the synchrotron peak frequency and long-term optical-gamma-ray flux increase
• Multiwavelength Observations of the Previously Unidentified Blazar RX J0648.7+1516
• VERITAS Observations of the TeV Binary LS I +61 303 During 2008-2010
• A search for spectral hysteresis and energy-dependent time lags from X-ray and TeV gamma-ray observations of Mrk 421
• H.E.S.S and Fermi-LAT discovery of gamma rays from the blazar 1ES 1312-423
• Detection of bridge emission above 50 GeV from the Crab pulsar with the MAGIC telescopes
• Multiwavelength observations of the AGN 1ES 0414+009 with VERITAS, Fermi-LAT, Swift-XRT, and MDM
• Gamma-ray Observations of the Galactic Plane at Energies E > 500 GeV
• Multi-frequency, Multi-Epoch Study of Mrk 501: Hints for a two-component nature of the emission
• Revealing Gamma-Ray Binaries
• H.E.S.S. and Suzaku observations of the Vela X pulsar wind nebula
• Astrophysics: Extreme emission seen from $\gamma$-ray bursts
• Observation of a sudden cessation of a very-high-energy gamma-ray flare in PKS 1510-089 with H.E.S.S. and MAGIC in May 2016
• Search for Gamma-rays from Dark Matter annihilations around Intermediate Mass Black Holes with the H.E.S.S. experiment
• Detailed spectral and morphological analysis of the shell type SNR RCW 86
• Probing the very-high-energy gamma-ray spectral curvature in the blazar PG 1553+113 with the MAGIC telescopes
• An intermittent extreme BL Lac: MWL study of 1ES 2344+514 in an enhanced state
• Testing homogeneity with the fossil record of galaxies
• "Leading blob" model in a stochastic acceleration scenario: the case of the 2009 flare of Mkn~501
• Detection of very-high-energy γ-ray emission from the colliding wind binary η Car with H.E.S.S
• Origin of gamma-ray emission in the shell of Cassiopeia A
• First broadband characterization and redshift determination of the VHE blazar MAGIC J2001+439
• H.E.S.S. and Fermi-LAT observations of PSR B1259-63/LS 2883 during its 2014 and 2017 periastron passages
• A luminous and isolated gamma-ray flare from the blazar B2 1215+30
• The GeV counterpart of VER J2019+407 in the northern shell of the supernova remnant G78.2+2.1 ($\gamma$ Cygni)
• A search for dark matter in Triangulum II with the MAGIC telescopes
• Search for dark matter annihilation in the dwarf irregular galaxy WLM with H.E.S.S
• An extreme particle accelerator in the Galactic plane: HESS J1826$-$130
• TeV blazar variability: the firehose instability?
• Discovery of Very High Energy Gamma Rays from 1ES 1440+122
• Detection of variable VHE gamma-ray emission from the extra-galactic gamma-ray binary LMC P3
• Multiwavelength Observations of The TeV Binary LS I +61 303 with VERITAS, Fermi-LAT and Swift-XRT During a TeV Outburst
• The discovery of a molecular cavity in the Norma near arm associated to H.E.S.S gamma-ray source located in the direction of Westerlund 1
• A strong limit on the very-high-energy emission from GRB 150323A

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