The Evolution and Structure of Pulsar Wind Nebulae

Abstract

Pulsars steadily dissipate their rotational energy via relativistic winds. Confinement of these outflows generates luminous pulsar wind nebulae, seen across the electromagnetic spectrum in synchrotron and inverse Compton emission, and in optical emission lines when they shock the surrounding medium. These sources act as important probes of relativistic shocks, particle acceleration and of interstellar gas. We review the many recent advances in the study of pulsar wind nebulae, with particular focus on the evolutionary stages through which these objects progress as they expand into their surroundings, and on morphological structures within these nebulae which directly trace the physical processes of particle acceleration and outflow. We conclude by considering some exciting new probes of pulsar wind nebulae, including the study of TeV gamma-ray emission from these sources, and observations of pulsar winds in close binary systems.

34 pages, including 7 color figures. To appear in volume 44 of Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics (2006). Version with higher resolution images available at http://hea-www.harvard.edu/~bmg/papers/AA44_Gaensler.pdf

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• Explaining the statistical properties of Fast Radio Bursts with suppressed low-frequency emission
• Escape of High Energy Particles from Bow-Shock Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Spatially-Dependent Modelling of Pulsar Wind Nebula G0.9+0.1
• Hitomi X-ray Observation of the Pulsar Wind Nebula G21.5$-$0.9
• HESS J1818-154, a new composite supernova remnant discovered in TeV gamma rays and X-rays
• Suzaku Detection of Diffuse Hard X-Ray Emission outside Vela X
• Discovery of a New X-ray Filled Radio Supernova Remnant Around the Pulsar Wind Nebula in 3EG J1809-2328
• The very soft X-ray spectrum of the Double Pulsar System J0737-3039
• Effect of the diffusion parameters on the observed gamma-ray spectrum of sources and their contribution to the local all-electron spectrum: the EDGE code
• Self-consistent interpretations of the multi-wavelength gamma-ray spectrum of LHAASO J0621$+$3755
• High Energy Processes in Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• The peculiar isolated neutron star in the Carina Nebula - Deep XMM-Newton and ESO-VLT observations of 2XMM J104608.7-594306
• Possible optical detection of a fast, nearby radio pulsar PSR B1133+16
• Interaction and ablation of fall-back disks in isolated neutron stars
• Gamma-ray halos around pulsars: impact on pulsar wind physics and galactic cosmic ray transport
• Discovery of an X-ray nebula around PSR J1718-3825 and implications for the nature of the gamma-ray source HESS J1718-385
• Reconstructing the Guitar: Blowing Bubbles with a Pulsar Bow Shock Back Flow
• Observation of an extended VHE gamma-ray emission from MSH 15-52 with CANGAROO-III
• The Radio - 2 mm Spectral Index of the Crab Nebula Measured with GISMO
• Constraining the parameters of the pulsar wind nebula DA 495 and its pulsar with Chandra and XMM-Newton
• VLBI search for the radio counterpart of HESS J1943+213
• Detection of X-Ray Emission from the Unidentified TeV Gamma-Ray Source TeV J2032+4130
• Evolved Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• What if GW190425 did not produce a black hole promptly?
• INTEGRAL observations of PSR J1811-1925 and its associated Pulsar Wind Nebula
• Test of the superdiffusion model in the interstellar medium around the Geminga pulsar
• Study of the extended radio emission of two supernova remnants and four planetary nebulae associated to MIPSGAL bubbles
• Multiwavelength constraints on the unidentified Galactic TeV sources HESS J1427$-$608, HESS J1458$-$608, and new VHE $\gamma$-ray source candidates
• Investigating CXOU J163802.6-471358: a new pulsar wind nebula in the Norma region?
• A Tale of Two Current Sheets
• Searching for the pulsar in G18.95-1.1: Discovery of an X-ray point source and associated synchrotron nebula with Chandra
• Pulsar Wind Nebulae Modeling
• Galactic and Extragalactic Sources of Very High Energy Gamma-rays
• Bow-shock Pulsar Wind Nebulae Passing Through Density Discontinuities
• Discovery of X-ray emission from the young radio pulsar PSR J1357-6429
• Towards observing reverberating and superefficient pulsar wind nebulae
• VHE Gamma-ray supernova remnants
• A Flat-Spectrum Radio Transient at 122 Mpc consistent with an Emerging Pulsar Wind Nebula
• X-ray investigation of the diffuse emission around plausible gamma-ray emitting pulsar wind nebulae in Kookaburra region
• Constraining the origin of the puzzling source HESS J1640-465 and the PeVatron candidate HESS J1641-463 using Fermi-LAT observations
• Multiwavelength Investigation of Pulsar Wind Nebula DA 495 with HAWC, VERITAS, and NuSTAR
• Non-thermal emission from Pulsar-Wind Nebulae in Starburst Galaxies
• Galactic Observatory Science with the ASTRI Mini-Array at the Observatorio del Teide
• IKT 16: the first X-ray confirmed composite SNR in the SMC
• Jitter radiation model of the Crab gamma ray flares
• Pulsar-wind-nebula-powered Galactic center X-ray filament G0.13-0.11: Proof of the synchrotron nature by IXPE
• AGN behind the SMC selected from radio and X-ray surveys
• Discovery of GeV gamma-ray emission from PWN Kes 75 and PSR J1846-0258
• Probing the nature of IGR J16493-4348: Spectral and temporal analysis of the 1-100 keV emission
• GeV gamma-ray emission from pulsar wind nebula HESS J1356-645 with Fermi-LAT
• An XMM-Newton Study of the Mixed-Morphology Supernova Remnant G346.6-0.2
• The braking index of PSR B0540-69 and the associated pulsar wind nebula emission after spin-down rate transition
• A Radio Study of Persistent Radio Sources in Nearby Dwarf Galaxies: Implications for Fast Radio Bursts
• PeV proton acceleration in Gamma-ray Binaries
• X-ray spectral analysis of the neutron star in SNR 1E 0102.2-7219
• Investigating the radiative properties of LHAASO J1908+0621
• Discovery of a Pulsar Wind Nebula around B0950+08 with the ELWA
• A broadband X-ray study of the Rabbit pulsar wind nebula powered by PSR J1418-6058
• Supernova connection of unidentified ultra high energy gamma-ray source LHAASO J2108+5157
• A New Microquasar Candidate in M83
• Improved Measurements of the IXPE Crab Polarization
• Study of maximum electron energy of sub-PeV pulsar wind nebulae by multiwavelength modelling
• Numerical simulations of mass loading in the tails of Bow Shock Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• The Enigmatic compact radio source coincident with the energetic X-ray pulsar PSR J1813$-$1749 and HESS J1813$-$178
• X-ray studies of the gamma-ray pulsar J1826-1256 and its pulsar wind nebula with Chandra and XMM-Newton
• Searching for Debris Disks around Seven Radio Pulsars
• SNR 0453-68.5: An Asymmetric Remnant and its Plerion in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• On the nature of Off-pulse emission from pulsars
• Multidimensional relativistic MHD simulations of Pulsar Wind Nebulae: dynamics and emission
• A Mid-life crisis? Sudden Changes in Radio and X-Ray Emission from Supernova 1970G
• Constraining the geometry of PSR J0855-4644: A nearby Pulsar Wind Nebula with Double Torus/Jet Morphology
• Statistical tests of young radio pulsars with/without supernova remnants: implying two origins of neutron stars
• Observations of the $\gamma$-ray pulsar J1932+1916 in X-rays
• A Comprehensive Study of the Spectral Variation and the Brightness Profile of Young Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Revisiting the Chandra Observation on the Region of PSR J1809-1917: Indication of an X-ray Halo and Implication for the Origin of HESS J1809-193
• Deciphering the Nature of the Pulsar Wind Nebula CTB 87 with XMM-Newton
• Detection of continuum radio emission associated with Geminga
• TRAPUM search for pulsars in supernova remnants and pulsar wind nebulae -- I. Survey description and initial discoveries
• Modeling Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Jet-like structures from PSR J1135-6055
• Dynamics of Astrophysical Bubbles and Bubble-Driven Shocks: Basic Theory, Analytical Solutions and Observational Signatures
• On the Gamma-Ray Nebula of Vela Pulsar. I. Very Slow Diffusion of Energetic Electrons within the TeV Nebula
• Numerical simulations of composite supernova remnants for small $\sigma$ pulsar wind nebulae
• Constraints on the synchrotron self-Compton mechanism of TeV gamma ray emission from the Milagro TeV source MGRO J2019+37 within the pulsar wind nebula scenario
• On the possible wind nebula of magnetar Swift J1834.9-0846: a magnetism-powered synchrotron nebula
• Rapid X-ray variations of the Geminga pulsar wind nebula
• Radio Observations of the Region around the Pulsar Wind Nebula HESS J1303-631 with ATCA
• New composite supernova remnant toward HESS J1844-030?
• The two tails of PSR J2055+2539 as seen by Chandra: analysis of the nebular morphology and pulsar proper motion
• 3D Relativistic MHD Simulations of Pulsar Bow Shock Nebulae
• Features of the gamma-ray pulsar halo HESS J1831$-$098
• Fast as Potoroo: Radio Continuum Detection of a Bow-Shock Pulsar Wind Nebula Powered by Pulsar J1638-4713
• Broadband X-ray Spectroscopy of the Pulsar Wind Nebula in HESS J1640-465
• Constraining Models of the Pulsar Wind Nebula in SNR G0.9+0.1 via Simulation of its Detection Properties using the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Spectral Break of Energetic Pulsar Wind Nebulae Detected with Wideband X-ray Observations
• Multi-wavelength afterglow emission from bursts associated with magnetar flares and fast radio bursts
• A Compact X-ray Source in the Radio Pulsar-Wind Nebula G141.2+5.0
• Exploring the potential X-ray counterpart of the puzzling TeV gamma-ray source HESS J1507-622 with new Suzaku observations
• On the Origin of the Gamma-Ray Emission toward SNR CTB 37A with $Fermi$-LAT
• Prospect of Detecting X-Ray Halos Around Middle-Aged Pulsars with eROSITA
• A Multi-Wavelength Investigation of the Unidentified Gamma-Ray Source HESS J1708-410
• MHD models of Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Disclosing the catalog pulsars dominating the Galactic positron flux
• Constraining the slow-diffusion zone size and electron injection spectral index for the Geminga pulsar halo
• A dispersion excess from pulsar wind nebulae and supernova remnants: Implications for pulsars and FRBs
• Discovery of a Synchrotron Bubble Associated with PSR J1015-5719
• Implications of the pulsar wind nebula scenario for a TeV gamma-ray source VER J2016+371
• Neutrinos from the gamma-ray source eHWC J1825-134: predictions for Km${}^3$ detectors
• Search for galactic Pevatron candidates in a population of unidentified gamma-ray sources
• Dissecting the emission from LHAASO J0341+5258: implications for future multi-wavelength observations
• MeV-GeV Gamma-ray Emission from SNR G327.1-1.1 Discovered by the Fermi-LAT
• Probing the origin of the off-pulse emission from the pulsars B0525+21 and B2045-16
• Discovery of a radio nebula around PSR J0855-4644
• VERITAS Detection of LS 5039 and HESS J1825-137
• Fast moving pulsars as probes of interstellar medium
• SED modelling of broadband emission in the pulsar wind nebula 3C 58
• HAWC and Fermi-LAT Detection of Extended Emission from the Unidentified Source 2HWC J2006+341
• Maximally-hard spectra from diffusive shock-acceleration in pulsar-wind nebulae
• The uGMRT observations of three new GPS pulsars
• Exploring the nature of the unidentified VHE gamma-ray source HESS J1507-622
• Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Tilting Instability of Magnetically Confined Spheromaks
• High-Resolution Radio Study of the Dragonfly Nebula
• 4FGL J1844.4-0306: high-energy emission likely from the supernova remnant G29.37+0.1
• Refining a relativistic, hydrodynamic solver: Admitting ultra-relativistic flows
• A 3D Diffusive and Advective Model of Electron Transport Applied to the Pulsar Wind Nebula HESS J1825-137
• Fermi-LAT Gamma-ray Emission Discovered from the Composite Supernova Remnant B0453-685 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Search for continuous gravitational waves from HESS~J1427-608 with a hidden Markov model
• High-(Energy)-Lights -- The Very High Energy Gamma-Ray Sky
• Testing Models for the Shallow Decay Phase of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows with Polarization Observations
• A Pulsar Wind Nebula Model Applied to Short GRB 050724
• Hadronic emission from the environment of the Crab Pulsar Wind Nebula by re-accelerated particles
• The Cherenkov Telescope Array Will Test Whether Pulsars Generate the Galactic Center Gamma-Ray Excess
• Spatial Variations and Breaks in the Optical-NIR spectra of the Pulsar and PWN in SNR 0540-69.3
• Revealing a new region of gamma-ray emission in the vicinity of HESS J1825-137
• Relativistic MHD modeling of magnetized neutron stars, pulsar winds, and their nebulae
• Pulsar magnetospheric convulsions induced by an external magnetic field
• Polarization properties of turbulent synchrotron bubbles: an approach based on Chandrasekhar-Kendall functions
• Deriving pulsar pair-production multiplicities from pulsar wind nebulae using H.E.S.S. and LHAASO observations
• Inferring properties of neutron stars born in short gamma-ray bursts with a plerion-like X-ray plateau
• XL-Calibur measurements of polarised hard X-ray emission from the Crab
• The Vela pulsar and its pulsar wind nebula Vela-X using 13 years of Fermi-LAT Observations
• Modeling Radio Circular Polarization in the Crab Nebula
• Cosmic Ray e^+/(e^- + e^+) and pbar/p Ratios Explained by an Injection Model Based on Gamma-ray Observations
• Multiwavelength Observations of Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Circular Polarization of Pulsar Wind Nebulae and the Cosmic-Ray Positron Excess
• Gamma-ray Emission of the Kes 73/1E 1841-045 Region Observed with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• Detecting the brightest HAWC sources with IceCube in the upcoming years
• The nature of the ASCA/INTEGRAL source AX J183039-1002: a new Compton-thick AGN?
• Discovery of a filamentary synchrotron structure connected to the coherent magnetic field in the outer Galaxy
• Suzaku Observations of the old pulsar wind nebula candidate HESS J1356-645
• Detecting and characterizing pulsar haloes with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Waves in pulsar winds
• Quasi-steady emission from repeating fast radio bursts can be explained by magnetar wind nebulae
• A LOFAR sample of luminous compact sources coincident with nearby dwarf galaxies
• Modeling statistical properties of the X-ray emission from aged Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• A Curious Source of Extended X-ray Emission in the Outskirts of Globular Cluster GLIMPSE-C01
• Searching for $\gamma$-Ray Pulsars among Fermi Unassociated Sources: 2FGL J1906.5+0720
• On the Gamma-ray Nebula of Vela Pulsar. II. the Soft Spectrum of the Extended Radio Nebula
• VHE Gamma-ray Observation of Crab Nebula with HAGAR Telescope Array
• MeerKAT caught a Mini Mouse: serendipitous detection of a young radio pulsar escaping its birth sit
• Spatio-spectral-temporal Modelling of Two Young Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Radio afterglow of magnetars' giant flares
• Could the TeV emission of starburst galaxies originate from pulsar wind nebulae?
• Radio study of HESS J1857+026. Gamma-rays from a superbubble?
• Thermal X-ray Spectra of Supernova Remnants
• The environment of TeV halo progenitors
• An extreme particle accelerator powered by pulsar PSR J1849-0001
• A Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray View of the Transient Sky
• Suzaku observations of two diffuse hard X-ray source regions, G22.0+0.0 and G23.5+0.1
• Is PSR J0855$-$4644 responsible for the 1.4 TeV electron spectral bump hinted by DAMPE?
• Pulsars and Millisecond Pulsars II: Deep diving into the Evolutionary Mechanisms
• PHECT: A lightweight computation tool for pulsar halo emission
• Discrete treatment of inverse Compton scattering: implications on parameter estimation in gamma-ray astronomy
• A search for near infrared counterparts of 3 pulsar wind nebulae
• Search for Off-pulse emission in Long Period Pulsars
• High-resolution Radio Study of Pulsar Wind Nebula MSH 15-52 and Supernova Remnant RCW 89
• Signatures of extended radio emission from escaping electrons in the Lighthouse Nebula
• Pulsar Wind Nebulae: On their growing diversity and association with highly magnetized neutron stars
• Time-Dependent Electron Acceleration in Pulsar Wind Termination Shocks: Application to the 2007 September Crab Nebula Gamma-Ray Flare
• SNR G54.1+0.3, a PeVatron candidate unveiled by LHAASO
• Radio and infrared study of the supernova remnant candidate HESS J1912+101
• Spatially resolved polarization variation of the Crab Nebula
• Analysis of the possible detection of the pulsar wind nebulae of PSR J1208-6238, J1341-6220, J1838-0537 and J1844-0346
• Searches for Continuous Gravitational Waves from Supernova Remnants in the first part of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Fourth Observing run
• The Potential for Hadronic Particle Acceleration in Galactic Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Filamentation of the electromagnetic precursor in relativistic quasi-perpendicular electron-positron shocks
• VLBI Observations of SN 2012au Reveal a Compact Radio Source a Decade Post Explosion
• The Non-Uniform Expansion of the Crab Nebula
• Gamma-ray flares from pulsar wind nebulae in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Unraveling the Nature of HAWC J1844-034 with Fermi-LAT Data Analysis and Multi-wavelength Modeling
• The traveling-PWN modeling attempt on the enigmatic LHAASO dumbbell-like structure
• On the origin of two unidentified radio/X-ray sources discovered with XMM-Newton
• The Radio Remnant of Supernova 1987A - A Broader View
• A Simulation Study of Ultra-Relativistic Jets -- I. A New Code for Relativistic Hydrodynamics
• XMM-Newton and Chandra observations of the candidate Fermi-LAT pulsar 4FGL J1015.5-6030
• The Contribution From TeV Halos to the Isotropic Gamma-Ray Background
• New estimate for the contribution of the Geminga pulsar to the positron excess
• Unveiling the nature of the unidentified gamma-ray sources 4FGL J1908.6+0915e, HESS J1907+089/HOTS J1907+091, and 3HWC J1907+085 in the sky region of the magnetar SGR 1900+14
• Lepton Acceleration in Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Multi-wavelength insights into the pulsar wind nebula candidate near 1LHAASO J0343+5254u: an obscured merging galaxy cluster?
• Investigating the emission signatures of pulsar halo candidate HESS J1813-126
• Time-Dependent Electron Acceleration in Pulsar-Wind Termination Shocks: Application to the 2011 April Crab Nebula Gamma-Ray Flare
• Investigation of X-ray emission from the unidentified TeV gamma-ray source HESS J1832-085 with Suzaku
• High Energy Emission from the Galactic Center
• A Generic Model for Persistent Radio Source around Fast Radio Bursts
• Unveiling extended gamma-ray emission around HESS J1813-178
• Particle acceleration to PeV energies in Pulsar Wind Nebula: a two zone model
• Energy-dependent gamma-ray morphology estimation tool in Gammapy
• X-Ray Polarization Study of Pulsar Wind Nebulae with eXTP: Simulation Results and Scientific Prospects