From young to old: the evolutionary path of Pulsar Wind Nebulae

Abstract

Pulsar wind nebulae are fascinating systems, and archetypal sources for high-energy astrophysics in general. Due to their vicinity, brightness, to the fact that they shine at multi-wavelengths, and especially to their long-living emission at gamma-rays, modelling their properties is particularly important for the correct interpretation of the visible Galaxy. A complication in this respect is the variety of properties and morphologies they show at different ages. Here we discuss the differences among the evolutionary phases of pulsar wind nebulae, how they have been modeled in the past and what progresses have been recently made. We approach the discussion from a phenomenological, theoretical (especially numerical) and observational point of view, with particular attention to the most recent results and open questions about the physics of such intriguing sources.

arXiv comment29 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables

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• Reverberation of pulsar wind nebulae (III): Modelling of the plasma interface empowering a long term radiative evolution
• The LHAASO PeVatron bright sky: what we learned
• Evolved Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Pulsar-wind-nebula-powered Galactic center X-ray filament G0.13-0.11: Proof of the synchrotron nature by IXPE
• Analysis of the possible detection of the pulsar wind nebulae of PSR J1208-6238, J1341-6220, J1838-0537 and J1844-0346
• Analysis of the Emission and Morphology of the Pulsar Wind Nebula Candidate HAWC J2031+415