Analytical Solution of Magnetically Dominated Astrophysical Jets and Winds: Jet Launching, Acceleration, and Collimation

Abstract

We present an analytical solution of a highly magnetized jet/wind flow. The left side of the general force-free jet/wind equation (the "pulsar" equation) is separated into a rotating and a nonrotating term. The two equations with either term can be solved analytically, and the two solutions match each other very well. Therefore, we obtain a general approximate solution of a magnetically dominated jet/wind, which covers from the nonrelativistic to relativistic regimes, with the drift velocity well matching the cold plasma velocity. The acceleration of a jet includes three stages. (1) The jet flow is located within the Alfvén critical surface (i.e. the light cylinder), has a nonrelativistic speed, and is dominated by toroidal motion. (2) The jet is beyond the Alfvén critical surface where the flow is dominated by poloidal motion and becomes relativistic. The total velocity in these two stages follows the same law $v\Gamma =\Omega R$. (3) The evolution law is replaced by $v\Gamma \approx 1/\left(\theta \sqrt{2-\nu }\right)$, where $\theta$ is the half-opening angle of the jet and $0\le \nu \le 2$ is a free parameter determined by the magnetic field configuration. This is because the earlier efficient acceleration finally breaks the causality connection between different parts in the jet, preventing a global solution. The jet has to carry local charges and currents to support an electromagnetic balance. This approximate solution is consistent with known theoretical results and numerical simulations, and it is more convenient to directly compare with observations. This theory may be used to constrain the spin of black holes in astrophysical jets.

arXiv commentANALYTICAL theory to measure jet properties (3D morphology of magnetic fields, velocity, density, current and charge profiles)

References in corpus (137)

• Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei
• Observational Evidence of AGN Feedback
• The Physics of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Evidence for High-Energy Extraterrestrial Neutrinos at the IceCube Detector
• Advection-Dominated Accretion: Underfed Black Holes and Neutron Stars
• Local Supermassive Black Holes, Relics of Active Galactic Nuclei and the X-ray Background
• Hot Accretion Flows Around Black Holes
• First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Physical Origin of the Asymmetric Ring
• Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Beaming in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Evidence for a Standard Energy Reservoir
• Multi-messenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A
• Neutrino emission from the direction of the blazar TXS 0506+056 prior to the IceCube-170922A alert
• General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Magnetically Choked Accretion Flows around Black Holes
• The Physics of Gamma-Ray Bursts and Relativistic Jets
• Sources of Relativistic Jets in the Galaxy
• Relativistic Jets in Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Internal-Collision-Induced Magnetic Reconnection and Turbulence (ICMART) Model of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Advection-Dominated Accretion: Self-Similarity and Bipolar Outflows
• Polarimetric Observations of 15 Active Galactic Nuclei at High Frequencies: Jet Kinematics from Bimonthly Monitoring with the Very Long Baseline Array
• Active Galactic Nuclei: what's in a name?
• General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Jet Formation and Large-Scale Propagation from Black Hole Accretion Systems
• A Measurement of the Electromagnetic Luminosity of a Kerr Black Hole
• Discovery of the Onset of Rapid Accretion by a Dormant Massive Black Hole
• Black Hole Spin and the Radio Loud/Quiet Dichotomy of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Structured jets in TeV BL Lac objects and radiogalaxies
• The Axisymmetric Pulsar Magnetosphere
• The Astrophysics of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays
• Probing the Inner Jet of the Quasar PKS 1510-089 with Multi-waveband Monitoring during Strong Gamma-ray Activity
• Lower Limits on Lorentz Factors in Gamma Ray Bursts
• The power of relativistic jets is larger than the luminosity of their accretion disks
• MOJAVE. X. Parsec-Scale Jet Orientation Variations and Superluminal Motion in AGN
• Measuring Black Hole Spin using X-ray Reflection Spectroscopy
• The Birth of a Relativistic Outflow in the Unusual γ-ray Transient Swift J164449.3+573451
• Discovery of Spatial and Spectral Structure in the X-Ray Emission from the Crab Nebula
• Magnetic acceleration of ultra-relativistic jets in gamma-ray burst sources
• Magnetic acceleration of relativistic AGN jets
• The Structure and Dynamics of the Sub-parsec Scale Jet in M87 Based on 50 VLBA Observations Over 17 Years at 43 GHz
• The Event Horizon General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Code Comparison Project
• A Common Origin for Cosmic Explosions Inferred from Fireball Calorimetry
• Magnetically Driven Jets in the Kerr Metric
• A change in the optical polarization associated with a gamma-ray flare in the blazar 3C 279
• General relativistic magnetohydrodynamical simulations of the jet in M87
• The Structure of the M87 Jet: A Transition from Parabolic to Conical Streamlines
• Multiwavelength Evidence for Quasi-periodic Modulation in the Gamma-ray Blazar PG 1553+113
• Simulations of Ultrarelativistic Magnetodynamic Jets from Gamma-ray Burst Engines
• Kinematics of the jet in M87 on scales of 100 -- 1000 Schwarzschild radii
• MOJAVE: Monitoring of Jets in Active Galactic Nuclei with VLBA Experiments. VIII. Faraday rotation in parsec-scale AGN jets
• Towards a Global Evolutionary Model of Protoplanetary Disks
• The New Generation Atlas of Quasar Spectral Energy Distributions from Radio to X-rays
• Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics with Application to Gamma-Ray Burst Outflows: I. Theory and Semianalytic Trans-Alfvenic Solutions
• Observational Evidence for a Correlation Between Jet Power and Black Hole Spin
• The Inner Jet of the Radio Galaxy M87
• Asymptotic structure of Poynting dominated jets
• Simulations of Axisymmetric Magnetospheres of Neutron Stars
• First Detection of Photons with Energy Beyond 100 TeV from an Astrophysical Source
• First-Principles Plasma Simulations of Black-Hole Jet Launching
• Energy, momentum and mass outflows and feedback from thick accretion discs around rotating black holes
• A Helical Magnetic Field in the Jet of 3C 273
• Imaging the Black Hole Silhouette of M87: Implications for Jet Formation and Black Hole Spin
• Two-temperature, Magnetically Arrested Disc simulations of the jet from the supermassive black hole in M87
• Parabolic Jets from the Spinning Black Hole in M87
• Helical Magnetic Fields Associated with the Relativistic Jets of Four BL Lac Objects
• Hyper-accreting black hole as GRB central engine. I: Baryon loading in GRB jets
• The size of the jet launching region in M87
• Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays
• High Frequency VLBI Imaging of the Jet Base of M87
• Innermost collimation structure of the M87 jet down to ~ten Schwarzschild radii
• Variability of the Vela Pulsar-wind Nebula Observed with Chandra
• Accelerating AGN jets to parsec scales using general relativistic MHD simulations
• Disk-Jet Coupling in Black Hole Accretion Systems I: General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamical Models
• Jet Power and Black Hole Spin: Testing an Empirical Relationship and Using it to Predict the Spins of Six Black Holes
• Launching of jets and the vertical structure of accretion disks
• General Relativistic Force-Free Electrodynamics: A New Code and Applications to Black Hole Magnetospheres
• 3D Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Magnetized Spine-Sheath Relativistic Jets
• Transformation of the Poynting flux into the kinetic energy in relativistic jets
• The theory of pulsar winds and nebulae
• Poynting Flux Dominated Jets in Decreasing Density Atmospheres. I. The Non-relativistic Current-driven Kink Instability and the Formation of "Wiggled" Structures
• Radiatively inefficient MHD accretion-ejection structures
• Radio Jet-Ambient Medium Interactions on Parsec Scales in the Blazar 1055+018
• General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Blandford-Znajek Jets and the Membrane Paradigm
• The pulsar force-free magnetosphere linked to its striped wind: time-dependent pseudo-spectral simulations
• Discovery of Sub- to Superluminal Motions in the M87 Jet: An Implication of the Acceleration from Sub-relativistic to Relativistic Speeds
• Relativistic Force-Free Electrodynamic Simulations of Neutron Star Magnetospheres
• MOJAVE XII: Acceleration and Collimation of Blazar Jets on Parsec Scales
• On the jet properties of the gamma-ray loud active galactic nuclei
• Disk-Jet Coupling in Black Hole Accretion Systems II: Force-Free Electrodynamical Models
• Modeling non-thermal emission from the jet-launching region of M 87 with adaptive mesh refinement
• Gamma-ray burst jet breaks revisited
• Systematic search for gamma-ray periodicity in active galactic nuclei detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• Faraday rotation in the jet of M87 inside the Bondi radius: indication of winds from hot accretion flows confining the relativistic jet
• A 34.5 day quasi-periodic oscillation in gamma-ray emission from the blazar PKS 2247-131
• Stability Properties of Strongly Magnetized Spine Sheath Relativistic Jets
• Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics with Application to Gamma-Ray Burst Outflows: II. Semianalytic Super-Alfvenic Solutions
• Self-Similar Magnetocentrifugal Disk Winds with Cylindrical Asymptotics
• A selection effect boosting the contribution from rapidly spinning black holes to the Cosmic X-ray Background
• Self-Similar Force-Free Wind From an Accretion Disk
• Acceleration and collimation of relativistic MHD disk winds
• Collimation, Acceleration and Recollimation Shock in the Jet of Gamma-Ray-emitting Radio-Loud Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxy 1H 0323+342
• Kinematics of the M87 jet in the collimation zone: gradual acceleration and velocity stratification
• Hot self-similar relativistic MHD flows
• Causal connection in parsec-scale relativistic jets: results from the MOJAVE VLBI survey
• Screw instability in black hole magnetospheres and a stabilizing effect of field-line rotation
• Pilot KaVA monitoring on the M87 jet: confirming the inner jet structure and superluminal motions at sub-pc scales
• On the BL Lacertae objects/radio quasars and the FRI/II dichotomy
• Chandra observations of the pulsar wind nebula in SNR G0.9+0.1
• Limitations of Pseudo-Newtonian approach in studying the accretion flow around Kerr black hole
• The Force-Free Magnetosphere of a Rotating Black Hole
• Steady General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Inflow/Outflow Solution along Large-Scale Magnetic Fields that Thread a Rotating Black Hole
• Physics of Pair Producing Gaps in Black Hole Magnetospheres
• Parsec-scale Faraday rotation and polarization of 20 active galactic nuclei jets
• On the central core in MHD winds and jets
• On the origin of the hard X-Ray excess of high-synchrotron-peaked BL Lac object Mrk 421
• The large-scale magnetic field of a thin accretion disk with outflows
• Winds, B-Fields, and Magnetotails of Pulsars
• Gamma-ray Bursts Induced by Turbulent Reconnection
• On the Internal Structure of Relativistic Jets
• Decay of the toroidal field in magnetically driven jets
• Measurement of the Electric Current in a Kpc-Scale Jet
• Properties of Trans-fast Magnetosonic Jets in Black Hole Magnetospheres
• On the minimum jet power of TEV BL Lac objects in the p-$\gamma$ model
• Radiation drag effects on magnetically dominated outflows around compact objects
• Evidence for Relativistic Disk Reflection in the Seyfert 1h Galaxy/ULIRG IRAS 05189-2524 Observed by NuSTAR and XMM-Newton
• Multi-epoch analysis of the X-ray spectrum of the active galactic nucleus in NGC 5506
• A new method for extending solutions to the self-similar relativistic magnetohydrodynamics equations for black hole outflows
• Disentangling the Complex Broadband X-ray Spectrum of IRAS 13197-1627 with NuSTAR, XMM-Newton and Suzaku
• Analytic properties of force-free jets in the Kerr spacetime- I
• Efficient Acceleration of Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Jets
• Polarization Imaging of M87 Jets by General Relativistic Radiative Transfer Calculation based on GRMHD Simulations
• The radio core and jet in the broad absorption line quasar PG 1700+518
• Examining High Energy Radiation Mechanisms of Knots and Hotspots in Active Galactic Nucleus Jets
• The launching condition of a jet driven by the magnetic field and radiation pressure of an accretion disc
• Analytic properties of force-free jets in the Kerr spacetime -- II
• Two-dimensional structure of thin transonic discs: theory and observational manifestations
• Toward a Full MHD Jet Model of Spinning Black Holes--II: Kinematics and Application to the M87 Jet
• Towards a Full MHD Jet Model of Spinning Black Holes--I: Framework and a split monopole example
• Magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulation of the outflows driven by magnetic field and radiation force from the corona above a thin disk
• The Effects of Resolution on Black Hole Accretion Simulations of Jets

Cited by in corpus (25)

• Accretion-modified Stars in Accretion Disks of Active Galactic Nuclei: Gravitational Wave Bursts and Electromagnetic Counterparts from Merging Stellar Black Hole Binaries
• Numerical simulation of hot accretion flows (IV): effects of black hole spin and magnetic field strength on the wind and the comparison between wind and jet properties
• Physical origin of the nonphysical spin evolution of MAXI J1820+070
• A Radio Quasi-periodic Oscillation of 176 day in the Radio-loud Narrow-line Seyfert 1 Galaxy J0849+5108
• Hadronuclear interactions in the jet of low TeV luminosity AGN: Implications for the low-state very-high-energy gamma-ray emission
• From young to old: the evolutionary path of Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Sub-second periodic radio oscillations in a microquasar
• Two Transient Quasi-periodic Oscillations in $\gamma$-Ray Emission from the Blazar S4 0954+658
• Can one-zone hadronuclear model explain the hard-TeV spectrum of BL Lac objects?
• Energy injection driven by precessing jets in gamma-ray burst afterglows
• Possible Evidence of a Universal Radio/X-ray Correlation in a near-Complete Sample of Hard X-ray Selected Seyfert Galaxies
• Magnetohydrodynamic Winds Driven by the Line Force from the Standard Thin Disk around Supermassive Black Holes. I. The Case of Weak Magnetic Field
• Magnetohydrodynamic winds driven by line force from the standard thin disk around supermassive black holes: II. a possible model for ultra-fast outflows in radio-loud AGNs
• The large-scale magnetic field advected in the corona of a thin accretion disk
• Constraining Properties of GRB Central Engines with X-ray flares
• A possible blazar spectral irregularity case caused by photon--axionlike-particle oscillations
• Highly Variable $\gamma$-Ray Emission of CTD 135 and Implications for its Compact Symmetric Structure
• The dynamical structure of the outflows driven by a large-scale magnetic field
• Hunting for neutrino emission from multi-frequency variable sources
• X-ray and GeV-gamma-ray emission property of TeV Compact Symmetric Object PKS 1413+135 and Implication for Episodic Jet Activity
• Effect of radiation drag on the line-force-driven winds
• Constraining Evolution of Magnetic Field Strength in Dissipation Region of Two BL Lac Objects
• Reverse shock forming condition for magnetized relativistic outflows: reconciling theories and simulations
• Formation of giant radio sources in galaxy clusters
• Generalized split monopole magnetospheres: the effects of current sheets