The Proto-Magnetar Model for Gamma-Ray Bursts

Abstract

Long duration Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) originate from the core collapse of massive stars, but the identity of the central engine remains elusive. Previous work has shown that rapidly spinning, strongly magnetized proto-neutron stars (`millisecond proto-magnetars') produce outflows with energies, timescales, and magnetizations sigma_0 (maximum Lorentz factor) that are consistent with those required to produce long GRBs. Here we extend this work in order to construct a self-consistent model that directly connects the properties of the central engine to the observed prompt emission. Just after the launch of the supernova shock, a wind heated by neutrinos is driven from the proto-magnetar. The outflow is collimated into a bipolar jet by its interaction with the star. As the magnetar cools, the wind becomes ultra-relativistic and Poynting-flux dominated (sigma_0 >> 1) on a timescale comparable to that required for the jet to clear a cavity through the star. Although the site and mechanism of the prompt emission are debated, we calculate the emission predicted by two models: magnetic dissipation and internal shocks. Our results favor the magnetic dissipation model in part because it predicts a relatively constant `Band' spectral peak energy E_peak with time during the GRB. The jet baryon loading decreases abruptly when the neutron star becomes transparent to neutrinos at t ~ 10-100 seconds. Jets with ultra-high magnetization cannot effectively accelerate and dissipate their energy, suggesting this transition ends the prompt emission and may explain the steep decay phase that follows. We assess several phenomena potentially related to magnetar birth, including low luminosity GRBs, thermal-rich GRBs/X-ray Flashes, very luminous supernovae, and short duration GRBs with extended emission.

21 pages (plus 2 appendices), 21 figures, 1 table, now accepted to MNRAS

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• Quasithermal Neutrinos from Rotating Protoneutron Stars Born during Core Collapse of Massive Stars
• Probing the Innermost Ejecta Layers in SNR Kes 75: Implications for the Supernova Progenitor
• The ultra-long GRB 220627A at z=3.08
• The properties of prompt emission in short GRBs with extended emission observed by {\em Fermi}/GBM
• On the Circular Polarisation of Repeating Fast Radio Bursts
• Long-duration Gamma-ray Burst Progenitors and Magnetar Formation
• Nucleosynthesis in outflows of compact objects and detection prospects of associated kilonovae
• Modeling Gamma-ray burst Afterglow observations with an Off-axis Jet emission
• On the existence of a luminosity threshold of GRB jets in massive stars
• Density Profiles of Collapsed Rotating Massive Stars Favor Long Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The radiative efficiency of relativistic jet and wind: A case study of GRB 070110
• On the Subclasses in Swift Long Gamma-Ray Bursts: A Clue to Different Central Engines
• Dissecting the Energy Budget of a Gamma-Ray Burst Fireball
• Axisymmetric equilibrium models for magnetised neutron stars in Scalar-Tensor Theories
• Evidence for gravitational-wave dominated emission in the central engine of short GRB 200219A
• Multi-GeV Neutrino Emission from Magnetized Gamma Ray Bursts
• A magnetar powering the ordinary monster GRB 130427A?
• Early Evolution of a Newborn Magnetar with Strong Precession Motion in GRB 180620A
• A method to constrain mass and spin of GRB black hole within the NDAF model
• Discovery of black hole spindown in the BATSE catalogue of long GRBs
• Comparison of the Characteristics of Magnetars Born in Death of Massive Stars and Merger of Compact Objects With {\em Swift} Gamma-Ray Burst Data
• A deceleration search for magnetar pulsations in the X-ray plateaus of Short GRBs
• Modeling the Multi-Band Afterglow of GRB 130831A: Evidence for a Spinning-Down Magnetar Dominated by Gravitational Wave Losses?
• On the synthesis of heavy nuclei in protomagnetar outflows and implications for ultra-high energy cosmic rays
• On the nature of Fast Blue Optical Transients
• High-energy neutrino emission from magnetised jets of rapidly rotating protomagnetars
• A search for gamma-ray prompt emission associated with the Lorimer Burst FRB010724
• Tayler-Spruit dynamo in stably stratified rotating fluids: Application to proto-magnetars
• Constraining the ellipticity of new-born magnetar with the observational data of Long gamma-ray bursts
• Disk formation in the collapse of supramassive neutron stars
• Applying an accurate spherical model to gamma-ray burst afterglow observations
• Signature of a spin-up magnetar from multi-band afterglow rebrightening of GRB 100814A
• Magnetic deformation of neutron stars in scalar-tensor theories
• Neutrino Emission from Luminous Fast Blue Optical Transients
• Three-Dimensional General-Relativistic Simulations of Neutrino-Driven Winds from Rotating Proto-Neutron Stars
• Standardizing the Gamma-ray burst as a standard candle and applying to the cosmological probes: constraints on the two-component dark energy model
• Constraining the transient high-energy activity of FRB180916.J0158+65 with Insight-HXMT followup observations
• Short duration gamma-ray bursts and their outflows in light of GW170817
• Physics of Superluminous Supernovae
• Postmerger multimessenger analysis of binary neutron stars: Effect of the magnetic field strength and topology
• Swift/UVOT: 18 Years of Long GRB Discoveries and Advances
• The Prompt Emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts from the Wind of Newborn Millisecond Magnetars: A Case Study of GRB 160804A
• GRB 171205A: Hypernova and Newborn Neutron Star
• Hypercritical accretion during common envelopes in triples leading to binary black holes in the pair-instability-supernova mass gap
• In search of short gamma-ray burst optical counterpart with the Zwicky Transient Facility
• Systematic exploration of heavy element nucleosynthesis in protomagnetar outflows
• GRB 111209A/SN 2011kl: Collapse of a supramassive magnetar with r-mode oscillation and fall-back accretion onto a newborn black hole
• Vertical Advection Effects on Hyper-accretion Disks and Potential Link between Gamma-ray Bursts and Kilonovae
• Constraining the Bulk Lorentz Factor of GRB Outflow in the Magnetic-dominated Jet Model
• Evidence of X-ray plateaus driven by the magnetar spindown winds in gamma-ray burst afterglows
• Hunting Gravitational Waves with Multi-Messenger Counterparts: Australia's Role
• Early GRB afterglows from reverse shocks in ultra-relativistic long-lasting winds
• Cosmic-Ray Constraints on the Flux of Ultra-High-Energy Neutrino Event KM3-230213A
• Searching for gravitational waves with the LIGO and Virgo interferometers
• Polarimetry and Photometry of Gamma-Ray Bursts Afterglows with RINGO3
• To power the X-ray plateaus of gamma-ray bursts through larger amplitude electromagnetic waves
• Reverse Shock Emission Driven By Post-Merger Millisecond Magnetar Winds: Effects of the Magnetization Parameter
• Constraining Magnetization of Gamma-Ray Bursts Outflows using Prompt Emission Fluence
• Scale invariance in X-ray flares of gamma-ray bursts
• Overall Spectral Properties of Prompt Emissions with Diverse Segments in Swift/BAT Short Gamma-ray Bursts
• Ultra-relativistic double explosions
• Probing the physics of newly born magnetars through observation of superluminous supernovae
• Continuous Gravitational Waves and Magnetic Monopole Signatures from Single Neutron Stars
• Maximal Jet Energy of Gamma-Ray Bursts through the Blandford-Znajek Mechanism
• Hot Electromagnetic Outflows I: Acceleration and Spectra
• The electromagnetic and gravitational-wave radiations of X-ray transient CDF-S XT2
• External Shock in a Multi-Bursting Gamma-ray Burst: Energy Injection Phase induced by the Later Launched Ejecta
• GRB 210619B optical afterglow polarization
• Broadband extended emission in gravitational waves from core-collapse supernovae
• Self Organized Criticality in an one dimensional magnetized grid. Application to GRB X-ray afterglows
• The change of GRB polarization angles in the magnetic-dominated jet model
• Multipolar Electromagnetic Emission of Newborn Magnetar
• A targeted search for repeating fast radio bursts associated with gamma-ray bursts
• Reverse Shock Emission in an Off-axis Top-hat Jet Model for Gamma-Ray Bursts
• GRB 221009A and the Apparently Most Energetic Gamma-Ray Bursts
• A new long gamma-ray burst formation pathway at solar metallicity
• A magnetar powers the luminous supernova 2023pel, associated with a long gamma-ray burst
• Diagnosing The Ejecta Properties of Engine-Driven Supernovae from Observables in Their Initial Phase
• Magnetar as Central Engine of Gamma-Ray Bursts: Quasi-Universal Jet, Event Rate and X-ray Luminosity Function of Dipole Radiations
• The Galactic population of magnetars : a simulation-based inference study
• Incidence of afterglow plateaus in gamma-ray bursts associated with binary neutron star mergers
• The Antesonic Condition for the Explosion of Core-Collapse Supernovae II: Rotation and Turbulence
• Investigating magnetically-induced distortions of neutron stars through gamma-ray burst X-ray plateaus
• X-ray Flares Raising upon Magnetar Plateau as an Implication of a Surrounding Disk of Newborn Magnetized Neutron Star
• Deciphering the properties of the central engine in GRB collapsars
• Diffuse Neutrino Background from Magnetorotational Stellar Core Collapses
• Evaluating Machine Learning Models for Supernova Gravitational Wave Signal Classification
• A Population Study on the Radio Emission of Fast Blue Optical Transients
• Can we constrain the aftermath of binary neutron star mergers with short gamma-ray bursts?
• Effects of nucleon-nucleon short-range correlation and symmetry energy on the evolution of newly born magnetars
• Dynamics and observational signatures of core-collapse supernovae with central engines: hydrodynamics simulations with Monte Carlo post-processing
• Inner Engine Shutdown from Transitions in the Angular Momentum Distribution in Collapsars
• Modeling Radio Circular Polarization in the Crab Nebula
• Modeling the structure of magnetic fields in Neutron Stars: from the interior to the magnetosphere
• Exploring GRBs and supernovae connection: does a superluminous hypernova population exist?
• Hot Electromagnetic Outflows II: Jet Breakout
• Relativistic MHD modeling of magnetized neutron stars, pulsar winds, and their nebulae
• Stellar evolution, SN explosion, and nucleosynthesis
• GRB minimum variability timescales with Fermi/GBM
• Inductive acceleration of ions in Poynting-flux dominated outflows
• Comparison of the Origin of Short Gamma-Ray Bursts with or without Extended Emission
• Nuclear Composition of Magnetized GRB Jets
• GRB 241105A: A test case for GRB classification and rapid r-process nucleosynthesis channels
• GRB Afterglow of the Sub-relativistic Materials with Energy Injection
• Varying linear polarisation in the dust-free GRB 210610B
• Probing Gamma-Ray Burst afterglows with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Quasithermal GeV neutrinos from neutron-loaded magnetized outflows in core-collapse supernovae: spectra and light curves
• Magnetars and Gamma Ray Bursts
• Compact binary merger and kilonova: outflows from remnant disc
• Collapse of Magnetized White Dwarfs as site of Heavy Element Formation and Kilonova Signal
• How to form a millisecond magnetar? Magnetic field amplification in protoneutron stars
• Chromatic Afterglow of GRB 200829A
• Time-averaging Polarimetric and Spectral Properties of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Three-Peak GRBs and Their Implications for Central Engines
• Constraints on fast radio burst emission in the aftermath of gamma-ray bursts
• Comparing the birth rate of stellar black holes in binary black hole mergers and long GRBs
• A search for periodic activity in multi-peaked long gamma-ray bursts
• Exploring Jet Structure and Dynamics in Short Gamma Ray Bursts: A Case Study on GRB 090510
• Afterglow Linear Polarization Signatures from Steep GRB Jets: Implications for Orphan Afterglows
• Multimessenger signatures of a deformed magnetar in gamma-ray bursts
• The detectability of high-redshift gamma-ray bursts near-infrared afterglows with CAGIRE
• On the conversion of neutron stars into quark stars
• Inverse-Compton drag on a Highly Magnetized GRB jet in Stellar Envelope
• Proto-magnetar jets as central engines for broad-lined type Ic supernovae
• Time resolved spectral analysis of the prompt emission of long gamma ray bursts with GeV Emission
• Modeling the emission lines from r-process elements in Supernova nebulae
• Multi-Model Framework for Reconstructing Gamma-Ray Burst Light Curves
• Constraining External Reverse Shock Physics of GRBs from ROTSE-III Limits
• MRI-driven $\alpha \Omega$ dynamo at high Pm numbers
• GRB160203A: an exploration of lumpy space
• Gamma-ray emission from decays of boosted nuclei in protomagnetar jets
• A lower occurrence rate of bright X-ray flares in SN-GRBs than $z<1$ GRBs: evidence of energy partitions?
• Matter- and magnetically-driven flavor conversion of neutrinos in magnetorotational collapses
• A 4.5-s Quasiperiodic Spectral Oscillation in GRB 230307A: Evidence for Free Precession of a Post-Merger Magnetar?
• Detection of a Millisecond Periodicity in BATSE Short Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Connecting the early afterglow to the prompt GRB and the central engine in the striped jet model
• Large $\mathrm{Pm}$ small-scale kinematic dynamo in protoneutron stars
• Synchrotron self-Compton Reverse Shock in Energy-Injection and Radiative Scenarios
• Search for Astrophysical Transients on Limiting Time Scales and Their Classification Based on INTEGRAL Data
• The early life of millisecond magnetars
• Einstein Probe Fast X-ray Transients Extend the Physical Parameter Space of Relativistic Jets
• Black hole to photosphere: 3D GRMHD simulations of collapsars reveal wobbling and hybrid composition jets
• The most distant optically polarised GRB afterglow: GRB 240419A at z = 5.178
• GOTO identification and broadband modelling of the counterpart to the SVOM GRB 250818B
• Quantum electrodynamic effects on counter-streaming instabilities in the whole \textbf{k} space
• Prompt and Afterglow Constraints on the Central Engine of GRB 240825A
• Energy Loss of Newborn Magnetars by Schwinger Process
• Revisiting black hole hyperaccretion in the center of gamma-ray bursts for the lower mass gap
• Assessing the Distance for Probing the Nuclear Equation of State with Supernova Gravitational Waves
• A Precessing, Magnetically Dominated, Structured Jet Powering the Hour-scale Quasiperiodic GRB 250702B
• Prospects for detecting proto-neutron star rotation and spindown using supernova neutrinos