The Physics of Protoneutron Star Winds: Implications for r-Process Nucleosynthesis

Abstract

We solve the general-relativistic steady-state eigenvalue problem of neutrino-driven protoneutron star winds, which immediately follow core-collapse supernova explosions. We provide velocity, density, temperature, and composition profiles and explore the systematics and structures generic to such a wind for a variety of protoneutron star characteristics. Furthermore, we derive the entropy, dynamical timescale, and neutron-to-seed ratio in the general relativistic framework essential in assessing this site as a candidate for $r$-process nucleosynthesis. Generally, we find that for a given mass outflow rate ($\dot{M}$), the dynamical timescale of the wind is significantly shorter than previously thought. We argue against the existence or viability of a high entropy ($\gtrsim 300$ per k${}_B$ per baryon), long dynamical timescale $r$-process epoch. In support of this conclusion, we model the protoneutron star cooling phase, calculate nucleosynthetic yields in our steady-state profiles, and estimate the integrated mass loss. We find that transonic winds enter a high entropy phase only with very low $\dot{M}$ ($\lesssim 1\times 10^{-9}$ M${}_{\odot }$ s${}^{-1}$) and extremely long dynamical timescale (${\tau }_{\rho }\gtrsim 0.5$ seconds). Our results support the possible existence of an early $r$-process epoch at modest entropy ($\sim 150$) and very short dynamical timescale, consistent in our calculations with a very massive or very compact protoneutron star that contracts rapidly after the preceding supernova. We explore possible modifications to our models, which might yield significant $r$-process nucleosynthesis generically. Finally, we speculate on the effect of fallback and shocks on both the wind physics and nucleosynthesis.

32 pages, aastex, 13 figures, accepted to the Astrophysical Journal; paper revised and various points clarified

References in corpus (3)

• Measurement of stellar age from uranium decay
• The r-Process in Neutrino-Driven Winds from Nascent, "Compact" Neutron Stars of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• General Relativistic Effects in the Core Collapse Supernova Mechanism

Cited by in corpus (188)

• Explosion Mechanisms of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• The r-process of stellar nucleosynthesis: Astrophysics and nuclear physics achievements and mysteries
• Presupernova Evolution of Differentially Rotating Massive Stars Including Magnetic Fields
• Origin of the Heaviest Elements: the Rapid Neutron-Capture Process
• Galactic Evolution of Sr, Y, Zr: A Multiplicity of Nucleosynthetic Processes
• The Proto-Magnetar Model for Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Magnetorotationally driven Supernovae as the origin of early galaxy $r$-process elements?
• Nuclear weak-interaction processes in stars
• The impact of individual nuclear properties on $r$-process nucleosynthesis
• Kilonovae
• Protoneutron star evolution and the neutrino driven wind in general relativistic neutrino radiation hydrodynamics simulations
• Kilonovae
• Neutrino Signal of Electron-Capture Supernovae from Core Collapse to Cooling
• Short Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts with Extended Emission from Proto-Magnetar Spin-Down
• Delayed neutrino-driven supernova explosions aided by the standing accretion-shock instability
• Collapsars as a major source of r-process elements
• Magnetar Spindown, Hyper-Energetic Supernovae, and Gamma Ray Bursts
• Multidimensional Supernova Simulations with Approximative Neutrino Transport I. Neutron Star Kicks and the Anisotropy of Neutrino-Driven Explosions in Two Spatial Dimensions
• Neutron star mergers versus core-collapse supernovae as dominant r-process sites in the early Galaxy
• Shock Breakout in Core-Collapse Supernovae and its Neutrino Signature
• Where, oh where has the r-process gone?
• Supernova Simulations with Boltzmann Neutrino Transport: A Comparison of Methods
• Multi-Dimensional Simulations of the Accretion-Induced Collapse of White Dwarfs to Neutron Stars
• A Model for Gravitational Wave Emission from Neutrino-Driven Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Nucleosynthesis in Early Supernova Winds II: The Role of Neutrinos
• Relativistic outflows from remnants of compact object mergers and their viability for short gamma-ray bursts
• The Landscape of the Neutrino Mechanism of Core-Collapse Supernovae: Neutron Star and Black Hole Mass Functions, Explosion Energies and Nickel Yields
• Short-lived Nuclei in the Early Solar System: Possible AGB Sources
• Nucleosynthesis-relevant conditions in neutrino-driven supernova outflows. I. Spherically symmetric hydrodynamic simulations
• Composition of the Innermost Core Collapse Supernova Ejecta
• Neutrino-Dominated Accretion and Supernovae
• Charged-Particle and Neutron-Capture Processes in the High-Entropy Wind of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Time-Dependent Models of Accretion Disks Formed from Compact Object Mergers
• Viscosity and Rotation in Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Production of Light Element Primary Process nuclei in neutrino-driven winds
• The Status of Multi-Dimensional Core-Collapse Supernova Models
• A magnetar origin for the kilonova ejecta in GW170817
• The rp-Process in Neutrino-driven Winds
• The r-process in proto-neutron-star wind revisited
• Magnetized Relativistic Jets and Long-Duration GRBs from Magnetar Spindown during Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Nucleosynthesis in the Early Galaxy
• Multi-messenger picture of compact binary mergers
• Neutron Star Mergers as sites of r-process Nucleosynthesis and Short Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Galactic r-process enrichment by neutron star mergers in cosmological simulations of a Milky Way-mass galaxy
• Features of the Acoustic Mechanism of Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions
• Neutrino-driven wind simulations and nucleosynthesis of heavy elements
• Proto-Neutron Star Winds with Magnetic Fields and Rotation
• r-Process Nucleosynthesis: Connecting Rare-Isotope Beam Facilities with the Cosmos
• Dynamical r-process studies within the neutrino-driven wind scenario and its sensitivity to the nuclear physics input
• Integrated Nucleosynthesis in Neutrino Driven Winds
• Relativistic MHD Winds from Rotating Neutron Stars
• The r-process in supernova explosions from the collapse of O-Ne-Mg cores
• The Origin of the Heavy Elements: Recent Progress in the Understanding of the r-Process
• Dynamics of shock propagation and nucleosynthesis conditions in O-Ne-Mg core supernovae
• Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background from Cosmological Supernovae
• The r-process in the neutrino winds of core-collapse supernovae and U-Th cosmochronology
• Nucleosynthesis in the Hot Convective Bubble in Core-Collapse Supernovae
• A magnetar engine for short GRBs and kilonovae
• r-Process Calculations and Galactic Chemical Evolution
• On the Conditions for Neutron-Rich Gamma-Ray Burst Outflows
• Magnetar Driven Bubbles and the Origin of Collimated Outflows in Gamma-ray Bursts
• The influence of collective neutrino oscillations on a supernova r-process
• Neutrino-driven Explosions
• Neutrino spectra evolution during proto-neutron star deleptonization
• Influence of light nuclei on neutrino-driven supernova outflows
• GW170817$-$the first observed neutron star merger and its kilonova: implications for the astrophysical site of the r-process
• Half-lives and branchings for β-delayed neutron emission for neutron-rich Co-Cu isotopes in the r-process
• Nucleosynthesis Modes in the High-Entropy-Wind of Type II Supernovae: Comparison of Calculations with Halo-Star Observations
• Supernova Neutrino-Nucleus Astrophysics
• Torus Formation in Neutron Star Mergers and Well-Localized Short Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Nucleosynthesis in Outflows from the Inner Regions of Collapsars
• How many nucleosynthesis processes exist at low metallicity?
• Magnetar-energized supernova explosions and GRB-jets
• Have Superheavy Elements been Produced in Nature?
• The Physics of the Neutrino Mechanism of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Neutrino Emission from Supernovae
• Application of the RMF mass model to the r-process and the influence of mass uncertainties
• The r-process in the neutrino-driven wind from a black-hole torus
• Formation Of The Rare Earth Peak: Gaining Insight Into Late-Time r-Process Dynamics
• Statistical approach for supernova matter
• Magnetic Protoneutron Star Winds and r-Process Nucleosynthesis
• On the Dynamics of Proto-Neutron Star Winds and r-Process Nucleosynthesis
• Enrichment history of r-process elements shaped by a merger of neutron star pairs
• Supernova neutrinos and nucleosynthesis
• Cold r-Process in Neutrino-Driven Winds
• On the diversity of short GRBs
• Three-dimensional simulations of non-stationary accretion by remnant black holes of compact object mergers
• Sensitivity of r-Process Nucleosynthesis to Light-Element Nuclear Reactions
• Core-collapse Supernova Explosions Driven by the Hadron-quark Phase Transition as a Rare $r$-process Site
• The Neutrino Signal in Stellar Core Collapse and Postbounce Evolution
• The Influence Of Neutron Capture Rates On The Rare Earth Region Of The r-Process Abundance Pattern
• Physical conditions for the r-process I. radioactive energy sources of kilonovae
• Supernova Simulations Confront SN 1987A Neutrinos
• Nucleosynthesis in magneto-rotational supernovae
• Impact of neutrino flavor oscillations on the neutrino-driven wind nucleosynthesis of an electron-capture supernova
• Can Neutron-Star Mergers Explain the r-process Enrichment in Globular Clusters?
• Hyperaccreting Disks around Magnetars for Gamma-Ray Bursts: Effects of Strong Magnetic Fields
• Recycling of Neutron Stars in Common Envelopes and Hypernova Explosions
• Neutrinos and nucleosynthesis of elements
• Nonlinear Saturation of g-modes in Proto-Neutron Stars: Quieting the Acoustic Engine
• Fission Cycling in a Supernova r-process
• Nucleosynthesis-relevant conditions in neutrino-driven supernova outflows. II. The reverse shock in two-dimensional simulations
• The role of currents distribution in general relativistic equilibria of magnetized neutron stars
• Hypermassive Neutron Star Disk Outflows and Blue Kilonovae
• Flares, jets and quasi-periodic outbursts from neutron star merger remnants
• Role of medium modifications for neutrino-pair processes from nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung - Impact on the protoneutron star deleptonization
• The r-Process in Supernovae: Impact of New Microscopic Mass Formulas
• Impact of supernova dynamics on the νp-process
• Production of Mo and Ru isotopes in neutrino-driven winds: implications for solar abundances and presolar grains
• Nucleosynthesis in neutron-rich ejecta from quark-novae
• Collapse of rotating stars in the Universe and the cosmic gamma ray bursts
• Alfven Wave-Driven Proto-Neutron Star Winds And R-Process Nucleosynthesis
• On the R-Process Enrichment of Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies
• The r-process in Magnetorotational Supernovae
• Challenges in nucleosynthesis of trans-iron elements
• Neutrino-Induced Fission and r-Process Nucleosynthesis
• High-entropy ejections from magnetized proto-neutron star winds: implications for heavy element nucleosynthesis
• Signatures of R-process Enrichment in Supernovae from Collapsars
• Neutrino-heated winds from millisecond proto-magnetars as sources of the weak r-process
• Chemical Feature of Eu abundance in the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy
• Neutron capture on 130Sn during r-process freeze-out
• Neutrino-heated winds from rotating proto-magnetars
• Neutrino-Driven Supernovae: an Accretion Instability in a Nuclear Physics Controlled Environment
• Finding the remnants of the Milky Way's last neutron star mergers
• Nucleosynthesis of elements between Sr and Ag in neutron- and proton-rich neutrino-driven winds
• General Relativistic, Neutrino-Assisted MHD winds - Theory and Application to GRBs. I. Schwarzschild Geometry
• Fission Cycling in Supernova Nucleosynthesis: Active-Sterile Neutrino Oscillations
• Solar r-process-constrained actinide production in neutrino-driven winds of supernovae
• Light Element Synthesis in High Entropy Relativistic Flows Associated with Gamma Ray Bursts
• The observed neutron star mass distribution as a probe of the supernova explosion mechanism
• Survey of astrophysical conditions in neutrino-driven supernova ejecta nucleosynthesis
• Neutrino-induced fission of neutron-rich nuclei
• Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?
• Modeling Core-Collapse Supernovae Gravitational-Wave Memory in Laser Interferometric Data
• Collapsars as Sites of r-process Nucleosynthesis: Systematic Near-Infrared Follow-up of Type Ic-BL Supernovae
• A comparison of the acceleration mechanisms in YSO and AGN jets
• Nuclear processes in Astrophysics: Recent progress
• The r-Process in the Proto-Neutron-Star Winds with Anisotropic Neutrino Emission
• Nucleosynthesis in core-collapse supernova explosions triggered by a quark-hadron phase transition
• Massive Stars and their Supernovae
• Active-sterile Neutrino Oscillations in Neutrino-driven Winds: Implications for Nucleosynthesis
• Relativistic envelopes and gamma-rays from neutron star mergers
• Nucleosynthesis in Fast Expansions of High-Entropy, Proton Rich Matter
• Collective neutrino oscillations and heavy-element nucleosynthesis in supernovae: exploring potential effects of many-body neutrino correlations
• Dynamics of baryon ejection in magnetar giant flares: implications for radio afterglows, r-process nucleosynthesis, and fast radio bursts
• Nucleosynthesis in neutrino-driven winds in hypernovae
• The Early Evolution of Magnetar Rotation I: Slowly Rotating "Normal" Magnetars
• Nucleosynthesis in Baryon-Rich Outflows Associated With Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Impact of neutrino pair-production rates in Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Electromagnetic priors for black hole spindown in searches for gravitational-waves from supernovae and long GRBs
• The universality of the rapid neutron-capture process revealed by a possible disrupted dwarf galaxy star
• r-Java : An r-process Code and Graphical User Interface for Heavy-Element Nucleosynthesis
• r-Java 2.0: the nuclear physics
• A Consistent Modeling of Neutrino-driven Wind with Accretion Flow onto a Protoneutron Star and its Implications for ${}^{56}$Ni Production
• On the synthesis of heavy nuclei in protomagnetar outflows and implications for ultra-high energy cosmic rays
• Nucleosynthesis signatures of neutrino-driven winds from proto-neutron stars: a perspective from chemical evolution models
• Three-Dimensional General-Relativistic Simulations of Neutrino-Driven Winds from Rotating Proto-Neutron Stars
• Supernova SN1987A Bound on Neutrino Spectra for R-Process Nucleosynthesis
• Nuclear physics and astrophysics of the r-process
• X-ray Decay Lines from Heavy Nuclei in Supernova Remnants as a Probe of the r-Process Origin and the Birth Periods of Magnetars
• r-Process Nucleosynthesis and Radioactively Powered Transients from Magnetar Giant Flares
• Proto-Neutron Star Convection and the Neutrino-Driven Wind: Implications for the r-Process
• Neutrinos, supernovae, and the origin of the heavy elements
• Systematic exploration of heavy element nucleosynthesis in protomagnetar outflows
• Dynamic Voids Surrounded by Shocked Conventional Polytropic Gas Envelopes
• Diverse, massive-star-associated sources for elements heavier than Fe and the roles of neutrinos
• Near-critical supernova outflows and their neutrino signatures
• The study of s-process nucleosynthesis based on barium stars, CEMP-s and CEMP-r/s stars
• Linking neutrino oscillations to the nucleosynthesis of elements
• Photospheric velocity evolution of SN 2020bvc: signature of $r$-process nucleosynthesis from a collapsar
• The Possibility of Emersion of the Outer Layers in a Massive Star Simultaneously with Iron-Core Collapse: A Hydrodynamic Model
• Relativistic MHD Winds from Rotating Neutron Stars
• Steady State Equilibrium Condition of $np{e}^{\pm }$ Gas and Its Application to Astrophysics
• Relativistic MHD Winds from Rotating Neutron Stars
• Magnetars and Gamma Ray Bursts
• The r-Process: Recent Progress and Needs for Nuclear Data
• Are Neutron-Rich Elements Produced in the Collapse of Strange Dwarfs ?
• Hydrodynamics of an electron-positron plasma near a black hole; applications to jet formation
• Proto-Neutron Star Convection and the Neutrino-Driven Wind: Implications for the $\nu$p-Process
• R-process heating implementation in hydrodynamic simulations with neural networks
• Neutrinos and Heavy Element Nucleosynthesis
• Chemical Evolution of Heavy Elements in the Early Galaxy: Implications for Stellar Sources
• Dynamics of neutrino-driven winds: inclusion of accurate weak interaction rates in strong magnetic fields
• Explosive nucleosynthesis in core-collapse supernovae
• Successful $\nu p$-process in neutrino-driven outflows in core-collapse supernovae
• Prospects for detecting proto-neutron star rotation and spindown using supernova neutrinos
• Protoneutron Star Winds
• Neutrino-driven wind and wind termination shock in supernova cores