r-Process Nucleosynthesis: Connecting Rare-Isotope Beam Facilities with the Cosmos

Abstract

This is an exciting time for the study of r-process nucleosynthesis. Recently, a neutron star merger GW170817 was observed in extraordinary detail with gravitational waves and electromagnetic radiation from radio to gamma rays. The very red color of the associated kilonova suggests that neutron star mergers are an important r-process site. Astrophysical simulations of neutron star mergers and core collapse supernovae are making rapid progress. Detection of both, electron neutrinos and antineutrinos from the next galactic supernova will constrain the composition of neutrino-driven winds and provide unique nucleosynthesis information. Finally FRIB and other rare-isotope beam facilities will soon have dramatic new capabilities to synthesize many neutron-rich nuclei that are involved in the r-process. The new capabilities can significantly improve our understanding of the r-process and likely resolve one of the main outstanding problems in classical nuclear astrophysics. However, to make best use of the new experimental capabilities and to fully interpret the results, a great deal of infrastructure is needed in many related areas of astrophysics, astronomy, and nuclear theory. We will place these experiments in context by discussing astrophysical simulations and observations of r-process sites, observations of stellar abundances, galactic chemical evolution, and nuclear theory for the structure and reactions of very neutron-rich nuclei. This review paper was initiated at a three-week International Collaborations in Nuclear Theory program in June 2016 where we explored promising r-process experiments and discussed their likely impact, and their astrophysical, astronomical, and nuclear theory context.

arXiv comment132 pages, 18 figures, submitted to Journal of Physics G

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• The neutron long counter NERO for studies of beta-delayed neutron emission in the r-process
• Retainment of r-process material in dwarf galaxies
• Mass Measurements Demonstrate a Strong N =28 Shell Gap in Argon
• Reverse engineering nuclear properties from rare earth abundances in the $r$ process
• Spectroscopic properties of nuclear Skyrme energy density functionals
• Early chemo-dynamical evolution of dwarf galaxies deduced from enrichment of r-process elements
• Explaining the Sr and Ba Scatter in Extremely Metal-Poor Stars
• The delayed time distribution of massive double compact star mergers
• The r-process in Magnetorotational Supernovae
• A spallation-based neutron target for direct studies of neutron-induced reactions in inverse kinematics
• Density dependence of the pairing interaction and pairing correlation in unstable nuclei
• Nucleosynthesis in helium-enriched asymptotic giant branch models: Implications for Heavy Element Enrichment in Omega Centauri
• A new analysis method to determine beta-decay half-lives in experiments with complex background
• LENDA, a Low Energy Neutron Detector Array for experiments with radioactive beams in inverse kinematics
• High-entropy ejections from magnetized proto-neutron star winds: implications for heavy element nucleosynthesis
• Thermal fission rates with temperature dependent fission barriers
• Neutrino-heated winds from millisecond proto-magnetars as sources of the weak r-process
• The Barium Isotopic Abundance in the Metal-Poor Star HD140283
• Origin of the Metallicity Distribution in the Thick Disc
• Chemical Feature of Eu abundance in the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy
• Benchmarking Nuclear Fission Theory
• Charged current neutrino interactions in core-collapse supernovae in a virial expansion
• Efficiency of metal mixing in dwarf galaxies
• Pairing gaps in Hartree-Fock Bogoliubov theory with the Gogny D1S interaction
• $\beta$-decay half-lives and $\beta$-delayed neutron emission probabilities for several isotopes of Au, Hg, Tl, Pb and Bi, beyond N=126
• Time-of-flight mass measurements of neutron-rich chromium isotopes up to N = 40 and implications for the accreted neutron star crust
• Positioning the neutron drip line and the r-process paths in the nuclear landscape
• The Hamburg/ESO R-process Enhanced Star survey (HERES) IX. Constraining pure r-process Ba/Eu abundance ratio from observations of r-II stars
• Mass measurement of 56Sc reveals a small A=56 odd-even mass staggering, implying a cooler accreted neutron star crust
• Pairing Nambu-Goldstone Modes within Nuclear Density Functional Theory
• Solar r-process-constrained actinide production in neutrino-driven winds of supernovae
• The r-Process in Metal Poor Stars and Black Hole Formation
• Estimating parameter uncertainty in binding-energy models by the frequency-domain bootstrap
• Uncertainty decomposition method and its application in the liquid drop model
• Role of ($\alpha$,n) reactions under $r$-process conditions in neutrino-driven winds revisited
• Uncertainty Quantification and Propagation in Nuclear Density Functional Theory
• Precision mass measurements of ${}^{125-127}$Cd isotopes and isomers approaching the $N=82$ closed shell
• Microscopic description of fission in odd-mass uranium and plutonium nuclei with the Gogny energy density functional
• Odd-even mass difference and isospin dependent pairing interaction
• Half-lives of neutron-rich ${}^{128-130}$Cd
• Continuum quasiparticle random phase approximation for astrophysical direct neutron capture reaction of neutron-rich nuclei
• The Origin of the Heaviest Metals in Most Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxies
• Behavior of odd-even mass staggering around 132Sn
• A three-dimensional hydrodynamical line profile analysis of iron lines and barium isotopes in HD140283
• Beta-decay study within multi-reference density functional theory and beyond
• The link between rare earth peak formation and the astrophysical site of the $r$ process
• Mass measurements of neutron-rich Rb and Sr isotopes
• A Mass-Dependent Yield Origin of Neutron-Capture Element Abundance Distributions in Ultra-Faint Dwarfs
• Optimizing relativistic energy density functionals: covariance analysis
• Global phenomenological descriptions of nuclear odd-even mass staggering
• On the Impact of Neutron Star Binaries Natal-Kick Distribution on the Galactic r-process Enrichment
• The universality of the rapid neutron-capture process revealed by a possible disrupted dwarf galaxy star
• Beta-decay properties of neutron-rich rare-earth isotopes
• Propagation of uncertainties in the nuclear DFT models
• Addressing spectroscopic quality of covariant density functional theory
• Multiple sources or late injection of short-lived r-nuclides in the early solar system?
• Uncertainty propagation within the UNEDF models
• Supernova SN1987A Bound on Neutrino Spectra for R-Process Nucleosynthesis
• Nuclear astrophysics with radioactive ions at FAIR
• Effects of Beta-Decays of Excited-State Nuclei on the Astrophysical r-Process

Cited by in corpus (72)

• Origin of the Heaviest Elements: the Rapid Neutron-Capture Process
• Kilonovae
• First Multimessenger Observations of a Neutron Star Merger
• New insights in laser-generated ultra-intense gamma-ray and neutron sources for nuclear applications and science
• Quantified limits of the nuclear landscape
• Get on the BAND Wagon: A Bayesian Framework for Quantifying Model Uncertainties in Nuclear Dynamics
• The R-process Alliance: First Magellan/MIKE Release from the Southern Search for R-Process-enhanced Stars
• Towards grounding nuclear physics in QCD
• Magnetorotational supernovae: A nucleosynthetic analysis of sophisticated 3D models
• Primary fission fragment mass yields across the chart of nuclides
• Supernova Simulations Confront SN 1987A Neutrinos
• Nuclear masses learned from a probabilistic neural network
• Optical potentials for the rare-isotope beam era
• 129I and 247Cm in Meteorites Constrain the Last Astrophysical Source of Solar r-process Elements
• GRMHD simulations of neutron-star mergers with weak interactions: r-process nucleosynthesis and electromagnetic signatures of dynamical ejecta
• The R-Process Alliance: Chemo-Dynamically Tagged Groups of Halo $r$-Process-Enhanced Stars Reveal a Shared Chemical-Evolution History
• Beta-decay studies for applied and basic nuclear physics
• Nucleosynthesis and observation of the heaviest elements
• Horizons: Nuclear Astrophysics in the 2020s and Beyond
• Gamma-rays from kilonova: a potential probe of r-process nucleosynthesis
• Fission and the r-process nucleosynthesis of translead nuclei in neutron star mergers
• Nuclear physics uncertainties in neutrino-driven, neutron-rich supernova ejecta
• A global microscopic description of nucleon-nucleus scattering with quantified uncertainties
• Astromers in the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei
• Actinide opacities for modeling the spectra and light curves of kilonovae
• "Super-Kilonovae" from Massive Collapsars as Signatures of Black-Hole Birth in the Pair-instability Mass Gap
• Following nuclei through nucleosynthesis: a novel tracing technique
• Signatures of R-process Enrichment in Supernovae from Collapsars
• First application of mass measurement with the Rare-RI Ring reveals the solar r-process abundance trend at A=122 and A=123
• Evolution of neutron capture elements in dwarf galaxies
• Constraining nucleosynthesis in neutrino-driven winds: observations, simulations and nuclear physics
• Exploring the mass surface near the rare-earth abundance peak via precision mass measurements at JYFLTRAP
• Neutron rich matter in the laboratory and in the heavens after GW170817
• First Exploration of Neutron Shell Structure Below Lead and Beyond $\mathbf{N}=126$
• r-Process Radioisotopes from Near-Earth Supernovae and Kilonovae
• The Influence of Beta Decay Rates on r-Process Observables
• Novel Penning-trap techniques reveal isomeric states in ${}^{128}$In and ${}^{130}$In for the first time
• Mono-enriched stars and Galactic chemical evolution -- Possible biases in observations and theory
• Efficient method for estimation of fission fragment yields of r-process nuclei
• The Status and Future of Direct Nuclear Reaction Measurements for Stellar Burning
• Properties of 187Ta revealed through isomeric decay
• Markov Chain Monte Carlo Predictions of Neutron-rich Lanthanide Properties as a Probe of $r$-process Dynamics
• Theoretical description of fission yields: towards a fast and efficient global model
• Neutron elastic scattering on calcium isotopes from chiral nuclear optical potentials
• Nucleosynthesis in outflows of compact objects and detection prospects of associated kilonovae
• Exploring laser-driven neutron sources for neutron capture cascades and the production of neutron-rich isotopes
• Neural Network Emulation of Spontaneous Fission
• The Gaia-ESO survey: placing constraints on the origin of r-process elements
• Impact of nuclear matter properties on the nucleosynthesis and the kilonova from binary neutron star merger ejecta
• Isochronic evolution and the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei
• Neutron-capture elements in dwarf galaxies III: A homogenized analysis of 13 dwarf spheroidal and ultra-faint galaxies
• Isochronous mass spectrometry at the RIKEN Rare-RI Ring facility
• Plastic Scintillation Detectors for Time-of-Flight Mass Measurements
• Inference of multi-channel r-process element enrichment in the Milky Way using binary neutron star merger observations
• Proposed Lunar Measurements of $r$-Process Radioisotopes to Distinguish Origin of Deep-sea 244Pu
• Proton and neutron exchange as a prelude to fusion at near-barrier energies
• First investigation on the isomeric ratio in multinucleon transfer reactions: Entrance channel effects on the spin distribution
• A Vision for the Science of Rare Isotopes
• Impact of nuclear mass models on $r$-process nucleosynthesis and heavy element abundances in $r$-process enhanced metal-poor stars
• Ultraheavy Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Rays
• R-process heating implementation in hydrodynamic simulations with neural networks
• Impact of the Brink Axel Hypothesis on Unique First Forbidden \b{eta} transitions for r process nuclei
• Nuclear ${\beta }^{-}$-decay with statistical de-excitation
• Multimodal fission from self-consistent calculations
• Modeling the emission lines from r-process elements in Supernova nebulae
• $\beta$-Decay Properties of Neutron-rich Yttrium Isotopes
• Bayesian Analysis of the ${}^{86}$Sr$(\alpha ,\alpha )$ Reaction to Constrain the ${}^{86}$Sr$(\alpha ,n)$ Cross Section at Astrophysical Energies
• Nuclear astrophysics
• Nuclear data activities for medium mass and heavy nuclei at Los Alamos
• Impact of microscopic structural transitions on particle stability and lifetimes of hot nuclei
• Producing and Studying Rare Isotopes in $e+A$ Collisions at the Electron-Ion Collider
• Impact of nuclear masses on r-process nucleosynthesis: bulk properties versus shell effects