The r-process of stellar nucleosynthesis: Astrophysics and nuclear physics achievements and mysteries

Abstract

The r-process, or the rapid neutron-capture process, of stellar nucleosynthesis is called for to explain the production of the stable (and some long-lived radioactive) neutron-rich nuclides heavier than iron that are observed in stars of various metallicities, as well as in the solar system. A very large amount of nuclear information is necessary in order to model the r-process. This concerns the static characteristics of a large variety of light to heavy nuclei between the valley of stability and the vicinity of the neutron-drip line, as well as their beta-decay branches or their reactivity. The enormously challenging experimental and theoretical task imposed by all these requirements is reviewed, and the state-of-the-art development in the field is presented. Nuclear-physics-based and astrophysics-free r-process models of different levels of sophistication have been constructed over the years. We review their merits and their shortcomings. For long, the core collapse supernova of massive stars has been envisioned as the privileged r-process location. We present a brief summary of the one- or multidimensional spherical or non-spherical explosion simulations available to-date. Their predictions are confronted with the requirements imposed to obtain an r-process. The possibility of r-nuclide synthesis during the decompression of the matter of neutron stars following their merging is also discussed.

164 pages, 98 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rep. higher-quality version available at http://www-astro.ulb.ac.be

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• Neutron Star Mergers as the Main Source of R-process: Natal Kicks And Inside-Out Evolution to The Rescue
• Isoscalar and neutron modes in the E1 spectra of Ni isotopes and the relevance of shell effects and the continuum
• Zero- and finite-temperature electromagnetic strength distributions in closed- and open-shell nuclei from first principles
• Inner crusts of neutron stars in strongly quantising magnetic fields
• Mass measurements of neutron-rich Rb and Sr isotopes
• Markov Chain Monte Carlo Predictions of Neutron-rich Lanthanide Properties as a Probe of $r$-process Dynamics
• The link between rare earth peak formation and the astrophysical site of the $r$ process
• Analytical determination of the structure and nuclear abundances of the outer crust of a cold nonaccreted neutron star
• Indirect methods in nuclear astrophysics with relativistic radioactive beams
• Nucleosynthesis in Outflows from Black Hole-Neutron Star Merger Disks With Full GR$\nu$RMHD
• Improved microscopic-macroscopic approach incorporating the effects of continuum states
• Direct study of the alpha-nucleus optical potential at astrophysical energies using the 64Zn(p,alpha)61Cu reaction
• Gamow-Teller and double-beta decays of heavy nuclei within an effective theory
• Cross-section measurement of the ${}^{130}$Ba(p,$\gamma$)${}^{131}$La reaction for $\gamma$-process nucleosynthesis
• Cross section of $\alpha$-induced reactions on iridium isotopes obtained from thick target yield measurement for the astrophysical $\gamma$ process
• Shell-model based study of the direct capture in neutron-rich nuclei
• Strong enhancement of level densities in the crossover from spherical to deformed neodymium isotopes
• Pygmy and giant electric dipole responses of medium-heavy nuclei in a self-consistent Random Phase Approximation approach with finite-range interaction
• KADoNiS-$p$: The astrophysical $p$-process database
• Experimental study of the astrophysical gamma-process reaction 124Xe(alpha,gamma)128Ba
• What is the Milky Way outer halo made of? High resolution spectroscopy of distant red giants
• Cross section of $\alpha$-induced reactions on ${}^{197}$Au at sub-Coulomb energies
• Shell-model description for the properties of the forbidden ${\beta }^{-}$ decay in the region "north-east" of ${}^{208}$Pb
• Study of (${}^6$Li, $d$) and (${}^6$Li, $t$) reactions on ${}^{22}$Ne and implications for $s$-process nucleosynthesis
• Enrichment of the Galactic disc with neutron-capture elements: Mo and Ru
• Gamma-Ray Bursts Black hole accretion disks as a site for the vp-process
• Nuclear level densities and $\gamma$-ray strength functions in ${}^{120,124}$Sn isotopes: impact of Porter-Thomas fluctuations
• Experimental set-up for the simultaneous measurement of fission and gamma-emission probabilities induced by transfer or inelastic-scattering reactions
• Exploring laser-driven neutron sources for neutron capture cascades and the production of neutron-rich isotopes
• Charge-state resolved laser acceleration of gold ions to beyond 7 MeV/u
• Self-consistent continuum random-phase approximation with finite-range interactions for charge-exchange excitations
• Nucleosynthesis in outflows of compact objects and detection prospects of associated kilonovae
• Gross Theory Model for Neutrino-Nucleus Cross Section
• Determination of the ${}^{36}$Mg($n,\gamma$)${}^{37}$Mg reaction rate from Coulomb dissociation of ${}^{37}$Mg
• A strong neutron burst in jet-like supernovae of spinstars
• Measurement of the ${}^{58}$Ni($\alpha$,$\gamma$)${}^{62}$Zn reaction and its astrophysical impact
• First experimental constraint on the ${}^{191}$Os$(n,\gamma )$ reaction rate relevant to $s$-process nucleosynthesis
• A new software implementation of the Oslo method with rigorous statistical uncertainty propagation
• s-process Enirchment of Ultrafaint Dwarf Galaxies
• The unreasonable weakness of r-process cosmic rays in the neutron-star-merger nucleosynthesis scenario
• Radioactively-Powered Gamma-Ray Transient Associated with a Kilonova from Neutron Star Merger
• Constraining the Astrophysical p Process: Cross Section Measurement of the 84Kr(p,g)85Rb Reaction in Inverse Kinematics
• Kolmogorov-Arnold networks in nuclear binding energy prediction
• The nuclear ground-state properties and stellar electron emission rates of 76Fe, 78Ni, 80Zn, 126Ru, 128Pd and 130Cd using RMF and pn-QRPA models
• Level density of 2+ states in 40Ca from high energy-resolution (p,p') experiments
• Feasibility of studying astrophysically important charged-particle emission with the variable energy $\gamma$-ray system at the Extreme Light Infrastructure -- Nuclear Physics facility
• Beta-decay properties of neutron-rich rare-earth isotopes
• Excitation spectra of exotic nuclei in a self-consistent phonon-coupling model
• Observational constraints on the origin of the elements. VI. Origin and evolution of neutron-capture elements as probed by the Gaia-ESO survey
• High-precision nuclear chronometer for the cosmos
• Restricted spin-range correction in the Oslo Method: The example of nuclear level density and $\gamma$-ray strength function from ${}^{239}\mathrm{Pu}(\mathrm{d},\mathrm{p}\gamma {)}^{240}\mathrm{Pu}$
• Experimentally constrained ${}^{165,166}\text{Ho}(n,\gamma )$ rates and implications for the $s$ process
• Network structure of thermonuclear reactions in nuclear landscape
• Thouless-Valatin Rotational Moment of Inertia from the Linear Response Theory
• Description of nuclear photoexcitation by Lorentzian expressions for electric dipole photon strength function
• Evolution of low-lying M1 modes in germanium isotopes
• Nuclear level densities and $\gamma -$ray strength functions of ${}^{111,112,113}$Sn isotopes studied with the Oslo method
• Microscopic description of fission in neutron-rich Radium isotopes with the Gogny energy density functional
• The impact of turbulent mixing on the galactic r-process enrichment by binary neutron star mergers
• Determination of the Neutron-Capture Rate of 17C for the R-process Nucleosynthesis
• Observational nuclear astrophysics: neutron-capture element abundances in old, metal-poor stars
• Calculation of excitation function of some structural fusion material for (n,p) reactions up to 25 MeV
• X-ray Decay Lines from Heavy Nuclei in Supernova Remnants as a Probe of the r-Process Origin and the Birth Periods of Magnetars
• Sandblasting the $\text{r}$-Process: Spallation of Ejecta from Neutron Star Mergers
• A holistic abundance analysis of r-rich stars
• Isochronic evolution and the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei
• Gamma-ray Diagnostics of r-process Nucleosynthesis in the Remnants of Galactic Binary Neutron-Star Mergers
• First measurement of the neutron-emission probability with a surrogate reaction in inverse kinematics at a heavy-ion storage ring
• Systematic exploration of heavy element nucleosynthesis in protomagnetar outflows
• Neutrinos, supernovae, and the origin of the heavy elements
• General properties of astrophysical reaction rates in explosive nucleosynthesis
• Observational constraints on the origin of the elements. IX. 3D NLTE abundances of metals in the context of Galactic Chemical Evolution Models and 4MOST
• Proposed Lunar Measurements of $r$-Process Radioisotopes to Distinguish Origin of Deep-sea 244Pu
• Pairing effects on spinodal decomposition of asymmetric nuclear matter
• Correlations between nuclear landscape boundaries and neutron-rich r-process abundances
• Nuclear chart in covariant density functional theory with dynamical correlations: From Oxygen to Tin
• Diverse, massive-star-associated sources for elements heavier than Fe and the roles of neutrinos
• Charge-exchange excitations with finite range interactions including tensor terms
• Indirect measurement of the $(n,\gamma {)}^{127}$Sb cross section
• New experimental constraint on the ${}^{185}$W($n,\gamma$)${}^{186}$W cross section
• Inference of multi-channel r-process element enrichment in the Milky Way using binary neutron star merger observations
• Impact of level densities and $\gamma$-strength functions on $r$-process simulations
• Multi-messenger observations of neutron rich matter
• Towards accurate nuclear mass tables in covariant density functional theory
• Quadrupole collectivity and shell closure in neutron-rich nuclei around $N=126$
• Nuclear density-functional theory and fission of super-heavy elements
• Crust-core transition of a neutron star: effect of the temperature under strong magnetic fields
• Kilonova ejecta opacity inferred from new large-scale HFR atomic calculations in all elements between Ca (Z = 20) and Lr (Z = 103)
• Europium, we have a problem. Modelling r-process enrichment across Local Group galaxies
• Alpha-induced reactions for the astrophysical p-process: the case of 151Eu
• Correlation between U/Th and Pb/Os abundance ratios and its application in nuclear cosmochronology
• Reaction rate weighted multilayer nuclear reaction network
• Photoexcitation of ${}^{76}$Ge
• Proton and neutron exchange as a prelude to fusion at near-barrier energies
• NLTE abundances of Eu for a sample of metal-poor stars in the Galactic Halo and Metal-poor Disk with 1D and <3D> models
• Photospheric velocity evolution of SN 2020bvc: signature of $r$-process nucleosynthesis from a collapsar
• Analytical determination of the structure of the outer crust of a cold nonaccreted neutron star: extension to strongly quantizing magnetic fields
• High Precision Measurement of the ${}^{19}$Ne Half-life using real-time digital acquisition
• Capitalizing on Nuclear Data Libraries' Comprehensiveness to Obtain Solar System r-process Abundances
• Low-energy behavior of $E2$ strength functions
• Simulating Kilonovae in the ΛCDM Universe
• A technique for the study of (p,n) reactions with unstable isotopes at energies relevant to astrophysics
• The impact of mass uncertainties on the r-process nucleosynthesis in neutron star mergers
• Isovector spin susceptibility: Isotopic evolution of collectivity in spin response
• Tables of Neutron Thermal Cross Sections, Westcott Factors, Resonance Integrals, Maxwellian Averaged Cross Sections, Astrophysical Reaction Rates, and r-process Abundances Calculated from Evaluated Nuclear Data Libraries
• Neutron rich nuclei in a new binding energy formula and the astrophysical $r-$process
• First simultaneous measurement of the gamma-ray and neutron emission probabilities in inverse kinematics at a heavy-ion storage ring
• Explosive Nucleosynthesis: What we learned and what we still do not understand
• An ERC Starting Grant project on p-process nucleosynthesis concluded
• Pairing in the BCS and LN approximations using continuum single particle level density
• Continuum random-phase approximation for (n,γ) reactions on neutron-rich nuclei: collective effects and resonances
• Estimating R-Process Yields from Abundances of the Metal-Poor Stars
• Microscopic Study of (p,$\gamma$) Reactions in Mass Region A=110-125
• Forbidden beta decay properties of ${}^{135,137}$Te using shell-model
• Influence of binding energies of electrons on nuclear mass predictions
• A method to correct differential nonlinearities in subranging analog-to-digital converters used for digital gamma-ray spectroscopy
• Role of tensor terms of the Skyrme energy-density functional on neutron deformed magic numbers in the rare-earth region
• Multilayer network analysis of nuclear reactions
• Impact of nuclear mass models on $r$-process nucleosynthesis and heavy element abundances in $r$-process enhanced metal-poor stars
• The impact of nuclear masses near $N=82$ on $r$-process abundances
• Theory of nuclear collective vibrations
• Neutrinos and Heavy Element Nucleosynthesis
• Mass Varying Neutrinos in Supernovae
• A constraint on superheavy elements of the GRB-kilonova AT 2023vfi
• Wide band, tunable gamma-ray lenses
• Dynamical ejecta of neutron star mergers with nucleonic weak processes I: Nucleosynthesis
• $\beta$-Decay Properties of Neutron-rich Yttrium Isotopes
• Nuclear Reactions For Nucleosynthesis Beyond Fe
• Plasma Instabilities Dominate Radioactive Transients Magnetic Fields: The self-confinement of leptons in Type Ia and Core-Collapse Supernovae, and Kilonovae
• Precision mass measurements of neutron-rich nuclei between N=50 and 82
• Hypothesis about Enrichment of Solar System
• Three-body Force Effects on the Properties of Neutron-rich Nuclear Matter
• Astronomy with Radioactivities: Chapter 9, Nuclear Reactions
• Chemical enrichment by collapsars as the origin of the unusually high [Ba/Fe] in a massive star cluster of the dwarf galaxy NGC 1569
• Radiative neutron capture reaction rates for r-process nucleosynthesis
• Continuum random-phase approximation for gamma transition between excited states in neutron-rich nuclei
• Revisiting the Gamow Factor of Reactions on Light Nuclei
• Extraction of neutron-capture cross sections on ${}^{92}$Zr using the charge-exchange Oslo method
• Investigation of $\beta$-decay properties of neutron-rich Cerium isotopes
• Chemical Evolution and Kilonova Implications of Post-Merger Accretion Disk Winds
• Modeling Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays propagation using the input from Configuration Interaction Shell Model
• Exploring Composition Mixing in Kilonova Ejecta with Ray-by-ray Simulations
• Nuclear astrophysics
• Exploratory study on the masses of odd-$Z$ nuclei and $r$-process simulation based on the deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum
• Statistical framework for nuclear parameter uncertainties in nucleosynthesis modeling of r- and i-process
• Nuclear Criticality as a Contributor to Gamma Ray Burst Events
• Successful $\nu p$-process in neutrino-driven outflows in core-collapse supernovae
• Nuclear level densities away from line of $\beta$-stability
• Short gamma-ray bursts and the decompression of neutron star matter in tidal streams
• The importance of charged particle reactions in the r-process on supernovae and neutron stars
• A statistical method for the identification of stars enriched in neutron-capture elements from medium-resolution spectra
• Limits on active-sterile neutrino mixing parameters using heavy nuclei abundances
• Nucleosynthesis in neutrino-driven winds: influence of the nuclear physics input
• Th/Eu abundance ratio of red giants in the Kepler Field
• Revisiting electron-capture decay for Galactic cosmic-ray data
• Nuclear level densities and $\gamma$-ray strength functions of ${}^{87}\mathrm{Kr}$ -- First application of the Oslo Method in inverse kinematics
• Transfer reactions as a Tool in Nuclear Astrophysics
• Universality and variability of the heavy r-process element abundance pattern from a nonequilibrium approach
• Implications of low neutron star merger rates for gamma-ray bursts, r-process production and Galactic double neutron stars
• Extending the nuclear chart by continuum: from oxygen to titanium
• Observational constraints on the origin of the elements. X. Combining NLTE and machine learning for chemical diagnostics of 4 million stars in the 4MIDABLE-HR survey
• The beta-Oslo method: experimentally constrained ($n,\gamma$) reaction rates relevant to the $r$-process
• The R-Process Alliance: A Nearly Complete R-Process Abundance Template Derived from Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of the R-Process-Enhanced Metal-Poor Star HD 222925