Light Curves of the Neutron Star Merger GW170817/SSS17a: Implications for R-Process Nucleosynthesis

Abstract

On 2017 August 17, gravitational waves were detected from a binary neutron star merger, GW170817, along with a coincident short gamma-ray burst, GRB170817A. An optical transient source, Swope Supernova Survey 17a (SSS17a), was subsequently identified as the counterpart of this event. We present ultraviolet, optical and infrared light curves of SSS17a extending from 10.9 hours to 18 days post-merger. We constrain the radioactively-powered transient resulting from the ejection of neutron-rich material. The fast rise of the light curves, subsequent decay, and rapid color evolution are consistent with multiple ejecta components of differing lanthanide abundance. The late-time light curve indicates that SSS17a produced at least ~0.05 solar masses of heavy elements, demonstrating that neutron star mergers play a role in r-process nucleosynthesis in the Universe.

arXiv commentAccepted to Science

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• Collapsars as Sites of r-process Nucleosynthesis: Systematic Near-Infrared Follow-up of Type Ic-BL Supernovae
• Cocoon breakout and escape from the ejecta of neutron star mergers
• $r$-process Nucleosynthesis and Kilonovae from Hypermassive Neutron Star Remnants
• Swift/UVOT follow-up of Gravitational Wave Alerts in the O3 era
• The optical afterglow of the short gamma-ray burst associated with GW170817
• Impact of bulk viscosity on the post-merger gravitational-wave signal from merging neutron stars
• The rise and fall of an extraordinary Ca-rich transient -- The discovery of ATLAS19dqr/SN 2019bkc
• A collapsar origin for GRB 211211A is (just barely) possible
• Targeting Bright Metal-poor Stars in the Disk and Halo Systems of the Galaxy
• Engine-fed Kilonovae (Mergernovae) -- I. Dynamical Evolution and Energy Injection / Heating Efficiencies
• The distant, galaxy cluster environment of the short GRB 161104A at $z\sim 0.8$ and a comparison to the short GRB host population
• The impact of natal kicks on galactic r-process enrichment by neutron star mergers
• Minutes-duration Optical Flares with Supernova Luminosities
• Electromagnetic counterparts of binary neutron star mergers leading to a strongly magnetized long-lived remnant neutron star
• A more stringent constraint on the mass ratio of binary neutron star merger GW170817
• Gamma-Ray Emission Produced by $r$-process Elements from Neutron Star Mergers
• HARM3D+NUC: A new method for simulating the post-merger phase of binary neutron star mergers with GRMHD, tabulated EOS and neutrino leakage
• Cocoon cooling emission in neutron star mergers
• Optimizing Serendipitous Detections of Kilonovae: Cadence and Filter Selection
• Relativistic envelopes and gamma-rays from neutron star mergers
• AGILE Observations of the Gravitational-wave Source GW170817: Constraining Gamma-Ray Emission from a NS-NS Coalescence
• The first five years of gravitational-wave astrophysics
• Polarized kilonovae from black hole-neutron star mergers
• Astrophysical Implications of Neutron Star Inspiral and Coalescence
• Galactic chemical evolution of exoplanet host stars: Are high-mass planetary systems young?
• Presto-Color: A Photometric Survey Cadence for Explosive Physics & Fast Transients
• Interpreting GRB170817A as a giant flare from a jet-less double neutron-star merger
• Enrichment of Strontium in Dwarf Galaxies
• The R-Process Alliance: Discovery of a low-alpha, r-Process-Enhanced Metal-Poor Star in the Galactic Halo
• Super-Knee Cosmic Rays from Galactic Neutron Star Merger Remnants
• A First Search for Prompt Radio Emission from a Gravitational-Wave Event
• Neutron Star Mergers as the Main Source of R-process: Natal Kicks And Inside-Out Evolution to The Rescue
• Of Harbingers and Higher Modes: Improved gravitational-wave early-warning of compact binary mergers
• A BRITE view on the massive O-type supergiant V973 Scorpii: Hints towards internal gravity waves or subsurface convection zones
• Optical high-resolution spectroscopy of 14 young $\alpha$-rich stars
• PS15cey and PS17cke: prospective candidates from the Pan-STARRS Search for Kilonovae
• A Systematic Exploration of Kilonova Candidates from Neutron Star Mergers During the Third Gravitational Wave Observing Run
• Measuring the Hubble constant with kilonovae using the Expanding Photosphere Method
• Electromagnetic Counterparts of Compact Binary Mergers
• Neutron-capture elements in dwarf galaxies I: Chemical clocks & the short timescale of the r-process
• Interpolating Detailed Simulations of Kilonovae: Adaptive Learning and Parameter Inference Applications
• Extending the Chemical Reach of the H3 Survey: Detailed Abundances of the Dwarf-galaxy Stellar Stream Wukong/LMS-1
• Chemical Evolution of Ytterbium in the Galactic Disk
• Decoding the compositions of four bright $r$-process-enhanced stars
• On the Binary-Neutron-Star Post-Merger Magnetar Origin of XRT 210423
• Reconstructing Masses of Merging Neutron Stars from Stellar $R$-Process Abundance Signatures
• Are fast radio bursts the most likely electromagnetic counterpart of neutron star mergers resulting in prompt collapse?
• $S^5$: The destruction of a bright dwarf galaxy as revealed by the chemistry of the Indus stellar stream
• Deciphering the unusual stellar progenitor of GRB 210704A
• Numerical modelling of bulk viscosity in neutron stars
• Free Neutron Ejection From Shock Breakout in Binary Neutron Star Mergers
• Study of (${}^6$Li, $d$) and (${}^6$Li, $t$) reactions on ${}^{22}$Ne and implications for $s$-process nucleosynthesis
• Observing cosmological binary mergers with next generation neutrino and gravitational wave detectors
• Background-Limited Imaging in the Near-Infrared with Warm InGaAs Sensors: Applications for Time-Domain Astronomy
• Fallback Accretion Model for the Years-to-Decades X-ray Counterpart to GW170817
• Kilonova and Optical Afterglow from Binary Neutron Star Mergers. II. Optimal Search Strategy for Serendipitous Observations and Target-of-opportunity Observations of Gravitational-wave Triggers
• Localization of Compact Binary Sources with Second Generation Gravitational-wave Interferometer Networks
• Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Modeling kilonova afterglows: Effects of the thermal electron population and interaction with GRB outflows
• Exploring laser-driven neutron sources for neutron capture cascades and the production of neutron-rich isotopes
• Emergence hour-by-hour of $r$-process features in the kilonova AT2017gfo
• Measuring the Hubble constant with coalescences of binary neutron star and neutron star-black hole: bright sirens \& dark sirens
• KilonovaNet: Surrogate Models of Kilonova Spectra with Conditional Variational Autoencoders
• The Palomar Transient Factory Sky2Night programme
• Can Kilonova Light curves be Standardized?
• Continued Brightening of the Afterglow of GW170817/GRB 170817A as due to a Delayed Energy Injection
• Surrogate light curve models for kilonovae with comprehensive wind ejecta outflows and parameter estimation for AT2017gfo
• Fallback Accretion Halted by R-process Heating in Neutron Star Mergers and Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Modification of the radioactive heat budget of Earth-like exoplanets by the loss of primordial atmospheres
• The impact of r-process heating on the dynamics of neutron star merger accretion disc winds and their electromagnetic radiation
• Scattered Short Gamma-Ray Bursts as Electromagnetic Counterparts to Gravitational Waves and Implications of GW170817 and GRB 170817A
• Transient Survey Rates for Orphan Afterglows from Compact Merger Jets
• Equation of state of nuclear matter and neutron stars: Quark mean-field model versus relativistic mean-field model
• Constraint on the radius of five-dimensional dS spacetime with GW170817 and GRB 170817A
• Chemical composition of two bright extremely metal-poor stars from the SDSS MARVELS pre-survey
• Neutrinos from explosive transients at the dawn of multi-messenger astronomy
• Search for Extremely Metal-Poor Stars with GEMINI-N/GRACES I. Chemical-Abundance Analysis
• Radioactively-Powered Gamma-Ray Transient Associated with a Kilonova from Neutron Star Merger
• Constraints on the dense matter equation of state and neutron star properties from NICER's mass-radius estimate of PSR J0740+6620 and multimessenger observations
• Mean Estimate Distances for Galaxies with Multiple Estimates in NED-D
• Observational constraints on the origin of the elements. VI. Origin and evolution of neutron-capture elements as probed by the Gaia-ESO survey
• Chemical analysis of two extremely metal-poor stars HE 2148-2039 and HE 2155-2043
• The Panchromatic Afterglow of GW170817: The full uniform dataset, modeling, comparison with previous results and implications
• The orbital-decay test of general relativity to the 2% level with 6-year VLBA astrometry of the double neutron star PSR J1537+1155
• The Simulated Catalogue of Optical Transients and Correlated Hosts (SCOTCH)
• Panning for gold, but finding helium: discovery of the ultra-stripped supernova SN2019wxt from gravitational-wave follow-up observations
• Reanalysis of neutron-capture elements in the benchmark r-rich star CS 31082-001
• Effects of nuclear matter properties in neutron star mergers
• Late-Time Afterglow from Double-Sided Structured Jets: Application to GRB 170817A
• Characterization of low-significance gravitational-wave compact binary sources
• GECKO Optical Follow-up Observation of Three Binary Black Hole Merger Events: GW190408_181802, GW190412, and GW190503_185404
• Web application for galaxy-targeted follow-up of electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational wave sources
• GROWTH on S190426c II: GROWTH-India Telescope search for an optical counterpart with a custom image reduction and candidate vetting pipeline
• The impact of turbulent mixing on the galactic r-process enrichment by binary neutron star mergers
• Chemical analysis of eight giant stars of the globular cluster NGC 6366
• Calibration of the Advanced Spectral Leakage scheme for neutron star merger simulations, and extension to smoothed-particle hydrodynamics
• The luminosity functions of kilonovae from binary neutron star mergers under different equation of states
• How Special Is GRB 170817A?
• Rapid localization of gravitational wave hosts with FIGARO
• Searching for r-process-enhanced stars in the LAMOST Survey I: The Method
• Neutron-capture elements in dwarf galaxies III: A homogenized analysis of 13 dwarf spheroidal and ultra-faint galaxies
• Formation of GW230529 from Isolated Binary Evolution
• Hydrodynamic mixing of accretion disk outflows in collapsars: implications for r-process signatures
• Optimal Optical Search Strategy for Finding Transient in Large Sky Error Region Under Realistic Constraints
• Handing off the outcome of binary neutron star mergers for accurate and long-term post-merger simulations
• Spectroscopic study of four metal-poor carbon stars from the Hamburg/ESO Survey: On confirming the low-mass nature of their companions
• In search of short gamma-ray burst optical counterpart with the Zwicky Transient Facility
• Metal-Poor Stars Observed with the Southern African Large Telescope II. An Extended Sample
• Isochronous mass spectrometry at the RIKEN Rare-RI Ring facility
• Neutron Skins: Weak Elastic Scattering and Neutron Stars
• Constraining the properties of dense matter and neutron stars by combining nuclear physics and gravitational waves from GW170817
• Correlations between nuclear landscape boundaries and neutron-rich r-process abundances
• Black hole-neutron star mergers with massive neutron stars in numerical relativity
• The thermalization of $\gamma$-rays in radioactive expanding ejecta: A simple model and its application for Kilonovae and Ia SNe
• Cooling off with a kilonova - Lower Limit on the Expansion Velocity of GW170817
• Impact of jets on kilonova photometric and polarimetric emission from binary neutron star mergers
• Prospects of Gravitational Wave Follow-up Through a Wide-field Ultra-violet Satellite: a Dorado Case Study
• Polarization of the first-hour macronovae
• R-process Rain from Binary Neutron Star Mergers in the Galactic Halo
• Probing particle acceleration at trans-relativistic shocks with off-axis gamma-ray burst afterglows
• Quasi-periodic oscillation in short gamma-ray bursts from black hole-neutron star mergers
• A rapidly declining transient discovered with Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam
• Probing the nucleosynthetic contribution of low-metallicity, low-mass star companions of CEMP stars
• Inferring kilonova population properties with a hierarchical Bayesian framework I : Non-detection methodology and single-event analyses
• Impact of anisotropic ejecta on jet dynamics and afterglow emission in binary neutron-star mergers
• Synthetic radio images of structured GRB and kilonova afterglows
• XKN: a Semi-analytic Framework for the Modelling of Kilonovae
• Results from the Pan-STARRS Search for Kilonovae: Contamination by Massive Stellar Outbursts
• Kilonova evolution -- the rapid emergence of spectral features
• KilonovAE: Exploring Kilonova Spectral Features with Autoencoders
• Discovery of an Extremely r-process-enhanced Thin-disk Star with [Eu/H] = +0.78
• Follow-up survey for the binary black hole merger GW200224_222234 using Subaru/HSC and GTC/OSIRIS
• A Nuclear Equation of State Inferred from Stellar r-process Abundances
• Nonlinear Alfvén-wave Dynamics and Premerger Emission from Crustal Oscillations in Neutron Star Mergers
• A Possible kilonova powered by magnetic wind from a newborn black hole
• Search for radio remnants of nearby off-axis Gamma-Ray Bursts in a sample of Swift/BAT events
• Photospheric velocity evolution of SN 2020bvc: signature of $r$-process nucleosynthesis from a collapsar
• Prompt emission from the counter jet of a short gamma-ray burst
• Nonthermal afterglow of the binary neutron star merger GW170817: a more natural modeling of electron energy distribution leads to a qualitatively different new solution
• Cocoon shock breakout emission from binary neutron star mergers
• A Summary of Multimessenger Science with Neutron Star Mergers
• Signature of Collapsars as Sources for High-energy Neutrinos and $r$-process Nuclei
• Probing the N=104 midshell region for the r process via precision mass spectrometry of neutron-rich rare-earth isotopes with the JYFLTRAP double Penning trap
• Kilonova Light-Curve Interpolation with Neural Networks
• Early soft X-ray to UV emission from double neutron star mergers: implications from the long-term radio and X-ray emissions of GW 170817
• High-energy neutrino signatures from pulsar remnants of binary neutron-star mergers: coincident detection prospects with gravitational waves
• Kilonova emission from black hole-neutron star mergers: observational signatures of anisotropic mass ejection
• Characterizing $r$-Process Sites through Actinide Production
• Radio Constraints on $r$-process Nucleosynthesis by Collapsars
• AT2019wxt: An ultra-stripped supernova candidate discovered in electromagnetic follow-up of a gravitational wave trigger
• A search for kilonova radio flares in a sample of Swift/BAT short GRBs
• Searching for Gravitational-Wave Counterparts using the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
• 2D End-to-End Modeling of Kilonovae from Binary Neutron Star Merger Remnants
• Resonant Production of Light Sterile Neutrinos in Compact Binary Merger Remnants
• The Chemodynamical Nature of the Triangulum-Andromeda Overdensity
• Impact of Neutrino Flavor Conversions on Neutron Star Merger Dynamics, Ejecta, Nucleosynthesis, and Multi-Messenger Signals
• Multi-messenger standard-siren cosmology for third-generation gravitational-wave detectors: forecasts considering observations of gamma-ray bursts and kilonovae
• Optimal Follow-Up of Gravitational-Wave Events with the UltraViolet EXplorer (UVEX)
• An Analytic Description of Electron Thermalization in Kilonovae Ejecta
• Interpolated kilonova spectra models: necessity for a phenomenological, blue component in the fitting of AT2017gfo spectra
• Modeling the fast optical transient SN 2019bkc/ATLAS19dqr with a central engine and implication for its origin
• Target of Opportunity Observations of Gravitational Wave Events with LSST
• Shock acceleration of electrons and synchrotron emission from the dynamical ejecta of neutron star mergers
• Compact binary merger and kilonova: outflows from remnant disc
• The R-Process Alliance: Hunting for gold in the near-UV spectrum of 2MASS J05383296-5904280
• High-energy emissions from neutron star mergers
• Universal Afterglow Of Supernova-Less Gamma Ray Bursts
• The R-Process Alliance: Exploring the cosmic scatter among ten r-process sites with stellar abundances
• The Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO): prototype performance and prospects for transient science
• Kilonova-Targeting Lightcurve Classification for Wide Field Survey Telescope
• Multi-messengers from the radioactive decay of $r$-process nuclei
• Impact of Ejecta Temperature and Mass on the Strength of Heavy Element Signatures in Kilonovae
• Insights into Binary Neutron Star Merger Simulations: A Multi-Code Comparison
• Long-term impact of the magnetic-field strength on the evolution and electromagnetic emission by neutron-star merger remnants
• Recent Advances in Understanding R-Process Nucleosynthesis in Metal-Poor Stars and Stellar Systems
• Neutron star evolution with the Bemfica-Disconzi-Noronha-Kovtun viscous hydrodynamics framework
• Learning Transient Universe in Near-Ultraviolet By Wide-angle Cameras
• Plasma Instabilities Dominate Radioactive Transients Magnetic Fields: The self-confinement of leptons in Type Ia and Core-Collapse Supernovae, and Kilonovae
• Studying newborn neutron stars by the transient emission after stellar collapses and compact binary mergers
• Equation of State of Decompressed Quark Matter, and Observational Signatures of Quark-Star Mergers
• Light Travel Time Effects in Kilonova Models
• Analytic insights on the information content of new observables
• Machine-directed gravitational-wave counterpart discovery
• Eccentricity as a signature of hierarchical subsolar-mass mergers in collapsar disks
• Features and prospects for kilonova remnant detection with current and future surveys
• Impact of in situ nuclear networks and atomic opacities on neutron star merger ejecta dynamics, nucleosynthesis, and kilonovae
• FRIB and the GW170817 Kilonova
• Fine structure of giant resonances: What can be learned
• ASAS-SN search for optical counterparts of gravitational-wave events from the third observing run of Advanced LIGO/Virgo
• Inferring kilonova ejecta photospheric properties from early blackbody spectra
• Kilonova and progenitor properties of merger-driven gamma-ray bursts
• Gamma-ray bursts at extremely small fluence
• SOAR/Goodman Spectroscopic Assessment of Candidate Counterparts of the LIGO-Virgo Event GW190814
• Resolving the fastest ejecta from binary Neutron Star mergers: implications for electromagnetic counterparts
• Similar Fermi-GBM sGRBs to GW/sGRB 170817A in MeV-GeV energies
• Gamma-radiation sky maps from compact binaries
• Identifying Host Galaxies of Binary Black Hole Mergers with Next-Generation Gravitational Wave Detector Networks
• Novae breves from magnetar giant flares: Potential probes of neutron star crusts
• Las Cumbres Observatory Gravitational-Wave Follow-up in the Third and Fourth Observing Runs: Strengths and Weaknesses of a Rapid Response Galaxy Targeted Strategy
• On the use of CHIME to Detect Long-Duration Radio Transients from Neutron Star Mergers
• Gamma-ray Bursts
• Towards a novel energy density functional for beyond-mean-field calculations with pairing and deformation
• Light curves and polarizations of gravitationally lensed kilonovae
• Host galaxies and electromagnetic counterparts to binary neutron star mergers across the cosmic time: Detectability of GW170817-like events
• Are Interactions with Neutron Star Merger Winds Shaping the Jets?
• GW170817 and GW190814: tension on the maximum mass
• Chandra X-ray Observations of the Neutron Star Merger GW170817: Thermal X-Ray Emission From a Kilonova Remnant?
• An introduction to astrophysical observables in gravitational wave detections
• Insights into the equation of state of neutron-rich matter since GW170817