Gamma-Ray Bursts

Abstract

Gamma-ray bursts (GRB) are short and intense bursts of $\sim$100 keV$-$1MeV photons, usually followed by long-lasting decaying afterglow emission in a wide range of electromagnetic wavelengths from radio to X-ray and, sometimes, even to GeV gamma-rays. These emissions are believed to originate from a relativistic jet, which is driven due to the collapse of special massive stars and the mergers of compact binaries (i.e., double neutron stars or a neutron star and a black hole). This chapter first briefly introduces the basic observational facts of the GRB phenomena, including the prompt emission, afterglow emission, and host galaxies. Secondly, a general theoretical understanding of the GRB phenomena is described based on a relativistic jet's overall dynamical evolution, including the acceleration, propagation, internal dissipation, and deceleration phases. Here a long-lasting central engine of the GRBs can substantially influence the dynamical evolution of the jet. In addition, a supernova/kilonova emission can appear in the optical afterglow of some nearby GRBs, which can provide an important probe to the nature of the GRB progenitors. Finally, as luminous cosmological phenomena, it is expected to use GRBs to probe the early universe and to constrain the cosmological parameters.

arXiv comment35 pages, 10 figures; Invited chapter for Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics (Eds. C. Bambi and A. Santangelo, Springer Singapore, expected in 2022)

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• The curious case of EP241021a: Unraveling the mystery of its exceptional rebrightening
• eRO-ExTra: eROSITA extragalactic non-AGN X-ray transients and variables in eRASS1 and eRASS2
• Variable structures in the stellar wind of the HMXB Vela X-1
• Multiwavelength Radiation from the Interaction between Magnetar Bursts and Companion Star in a Binary System
• Constraint on Lorentz Invariance Violation for spectral lag transition in GRB 160625B using profile likelihood
• Accretion Flares from Stellar Collisions in Galactic Nuclei
• Cosmological Evolution of Gamma Ray Bursts
• 3D Localization of FRB 20190425A for Its Potential Host Galaxy and Implications
• The most distant optically polarised GRB afterglow: GRB 240419A at z = 5.178
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