Gamma-ray Burst Afterglow with Continuous Energy Injection: Signature of a Highly-Magnetized Millisecond Pulsar

Abstract

We investigate the consequences of a continuously injecting central engine on the gamma-ray burst afterglow emission, focusing more specifically on a highly-magnetized millisecond pulsar engine. For initial pulsar parameters within a certain region of the parameter space, the afterglow lightcurves are predicted to show a distinctive achromatic bump feature, the onset and duration of which range from minutes to months, depending on the pulsar and the fireball parameters. The detection of or upper limits on such features would provide constraints on the burst progenitor and on magnetar-like central engine models. An achromatic bump such as that in GRB 000301C afterglow may be caused by a millisecond pulsar with P0=3.4 millisecond and Bp=2.7e14 Gauss.

5 pages, emulateapj style, to appear in ApJ Letters, updated with the accepted version, a few corrections are made

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• Giant X-ray and optical Bump in GRBs: evidence for fall-back accretion model
• The termination shock of a magnetar wind: a possible origin of gamma-ray burst X-ray afterglow emission
• The evolution of a newborn millisecond magnetar with a propeller-recycling disk
• Evidence for gravitational-wave dominated emission in the central engine of short GRB 200219A
• Testing Blandford-Znajek mechanism in black hole hyperaccretion flows for long-duration gamma-ray bursts
• Multimessenger astronomy with a kHz-band gravitational-wave observatory
• The effects of a magnetar engine on the gamma-ray burst-associated supernovae: Application to double-peaked SN 2006aj
• The closure relations in optical afterglow of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The synchrotron-self-Compton radiation accompanying shallow decaying X-ray afterglow: the case of GRB 940217
• The radiative efficiency of relativistic jet and wind: A case study of GRB 070110
• Detectability of "Merger-nova" emission from a long-lived magnetar in short gamma-ray bursts
• Saturation of the f-mode instability in neutron stars: II. Applications and results
• Early Evolution of a Newborn Magnetar with Strong Precession Motion in GRB 180620A
• Early Rebrightenings of X-ray Afterglows from Ring-Shaped GRB Jets
• A magnetar powering the ordinary monster GRB 130427A?
• GRB 050822: Detailed analysis of an XRF observed by Swift
• GRB Redshift Estimation using Machine Learning and the Associated Web-App
• A method to constrain mass and spin of GRB black hole within the NDAF model
• Simultaneous Radio and Optical Polarimetry of GRB 191221B Afterglow
• Modeling the Multi-Band Afterglow of GRB 130831A: Evidence for a Spinning-Down Magnetar Dominated by Gravitational Wave Losses?
• Reverse Shock Emission and Ionization Break Out Powered by Post-merger Millisecond Magnetars
• A deceleration search for magnetar pulsations in the X-ray plateaus of Short GRBs
• Interpretation of Radio Afterglows in the framework of the Standard Fireball and Energy Injection models
• Early-time Searches for Coherent Radio Emission from Short GRBs with the Murchison Widefield Array
• Constraining the ellipticity of new-born magnetar with the observational data of Long gamma-ray bursts
• GRB 201015A and the nature of low-luminosity soft gamma-ray bursts
• Constraints on Gamma-ray Burst Inner Engines in a Blandford-Znajek Framework
• Tayler-Spruit dynamo in stably stratified rotating fluids: Application to proto-magnetars
• Off-axis synchrotron light curves from full-time-domain moving-mesh simulations of jets from massive stars
• Combined X-ray and optical analysis to probe the origin of the plateau emission in $\gamma$-ray bursts afterglows
• Constraining Properties of GRB Central Engines with X-ray flares
• X-ray flashes powered by the spindown of long-lived neutron stars
• The puzzling long GRB 191019A: Evidence for Kilonova Light
• A Mechanical Model for Magnetized Relativistic Blastwaves
• Photometric and Spectroscopic Observations of GRB 190106A: Emission from Reverse and Forward Shocks with Late-time Energy Injection
• The newly born magnetars powering gamma-ray burst internal-plateau emission: are there strange stars?
• Generating neutron-star magnetic fields: three dynamo phases
• GRB Optical and X-ray Plateau Properties Classifier Using Unsupervised Machine Learning
• Signature of a spin-up magnetar from multi-band afterglow rebrightening of GRB 100814A
• Standardizing the Gamma-ray burst as a standard candle and applying to the cosmological probes: constraints on the two-component dark energy model
• Postmerger multimessenger analysis of binary neutron stars: Effect of the magnetic field strength and topology
• Magnetar central engines in gamma-ray busts follow the universal relation of accreting magnetic stars
• Long-term Continuous Energy Injection in the Afterglow of GRB 060729
• Multi-Wavelength Observations of GRB 111228A and Implications for the Fireball and its environment
• New JWST redshifts for the host galaxies of CDF-S XT1 and XT2: understanding their nature
• GRB 111209A/SN 2011kl: Collapse of a supramassive magnetar with r-mode oscillation and fall-back accretion onto a newborn black hole
• On The Origin of Supernova-Less Long Gamma Ray Bursts
• Systematic exploration of heavy element nucleosynthesis in protomagnetar outflows
• Swift/UVOT: 18 Years of Long GRB Discoveries and Advances
• Gravitational Waves from Newborn Accreting Millisecond Magnetars
• Early Optical Observations of GRB 150910A: Bright Jet Optical Afterglow and X-ray Dipole Radiation from a Magnetar Central Engine
• Constraining the nuclear equation of state via gravitational-wave radiation of short gamma-ray burst remnants
• The Prompt Emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts from the Wind of Newborn Millisecond Magnetars: A Case Study of GRB 160804A
• Prospects of calibrating afterglow modeling of short GRBs with gravitational wave inclination angle measurements and resolving the Hubble tension with a GW-GRB association event
• Rapid-response radio observations of short GRB 181123B with the Australia Telescope Compact Array
• GRB 171205A: Hypernova and Newborn Neutron Star
• Reverse Shock Emission Driven By Post-Merger Millisecond Magnetar Winds: Effects of the Magnetization Parameter
• To power the X-ray plateaus of gamma-ray bursts through larger amplitude electromagnetic waves
• Multiwavelength observations of GRB 140629A. A long burst with an achromatic jet break in the optical and X-ray afterglow
• Evidence of X-ray plateaus driven by the magnetar spindown winds in gamma-ray burst afterglows
• A Broadband Emission Model of Magnetar Wind Nebulae
• Hunting Gravitational Waves with Multi-Messenger Counterparts: Australia's Role
• Thermal components in the early X-ray afterglows of GRBs: likely cocoon emission and constraints on the progenitors
• Cosmic-Ray Constraints on the Flux of Ultra-High-Energy Neutrino Event KM3-230213A
• GRB Timing: Decoding the Hidden Slow Jets in GRB 060729
• Free Energy of Anisotropic Strangeon Stars
• Continuous Gravitational Waves and Magnetic Monopole Signatures from Single Neutron Stars
• On the Anti-Correlation between Duration and Redshift in Gamma-ray Bursts
• Probing the physics of newly born magnetars through observation of superluminous supernovae
• Diverse Features of the Multi-wavelength Afterglows of Gamma-ray Bursts: Natural or Special?
• Multipolar Electromagnetic Emission of Newborn Magnetar
• The late jet in gamma-ray bursts and its interactions with a supernova ejecta and a cocoon
• Swift observations of GRB050712
• Evolution of newborn rapidly rotating magnetars: effects of r-mode and fall-back accretion
• Afterglow Light Curve Modulated by a Highly Magnetized Millisecond Pulsar
• GRB 110530A: Peculiar Broad Bump and Delayed Plateau in Early Optical Afterglows
• Central Engine-Powered Bright X-ray Flares in Short Gamma-Ray Bursts: A Hint of Black Hole-Neutron Star Merger?
• A two-step energy injection explanation for the rebrightenings of the multi-band afterglow of GRB 081029
• The shallow-decay phase in both optical and x-ray afterglows of Swift GRB 090529A: Energy injection into a wind-type medium?
• A Possible kilonova powered by magnetic wind from a newborn black hole
• External Shock in a Multi-Bursting Gamma-ray Burst: Energy Injection Phase induced by the Later Launched Ejecta
• Multi-waveform cross-correlation search method for intermediate-duration gravitational waves from gamma-ray bursts
• Long-term monitoring of the X-ray afterglow of GRB 050408 with Swift/XRT
• The electromagnetic and gravitational-wave radiations of X-ray transient CDF-S XT2
• Polarization in early optical afterglows of gamma-ray bursts driven by precessing jets
• The triple-peaked afterglow of GRB 210731A from X-ray to radio frequencies
• A targeted search for repeating fast radio bursts associated with gamma-ray bursts
• Constraining the ellipticity and frequency of binary neutron star remnant via its gravitational-wave and electromagnetic radiations
• The evolution effects of radius and moment of inertia for rapidly rotating neutron stars
• Magnetar as Central Engine of Gamma-Ray Bursts: Quasi-Universal Jet, Event Rate and X-ray Luminosity Function of Dipole Radiations
• Prospects for Time-Domain and Multi-Messenger Science with eXTP
• Testing Models for the Shallow Decay Phase of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows with Polarization Observations
• Gravitational waves from post-merger radially-oscillating millisecond pulsars
• Investigating magnetically-induced distortions of neutron stars through gamma-ray burst X-ray plateaus
• X-ray Flares Raising upon Magnetar Plateau as an Implication of a Surrounding Disk of Newborn Magnetized Neutron Star
• Broad band simulation of Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB) prompt emission in presence of an external magnetic field
• Modelling the Multi-band Afterglow of GRB 091127: Evidence of a Hard Electron Energy Spectrum with an Injection Break
• X-ray plateaus followed by sharp drops in GRBs 060413, 060522, 060607A and 080330: Further evidences for central engine afterglow from Gamma-ray Bursts
• Numerical general relativistic MHD with magnetically polarized matter
• A Population Study on the Radio Emission of Fast Blue Optical Transients
• Optical Behavior of GRB 061121 around its X-Ray Shallow Decay Phase
• Very high frequency gravitational waves from magnetars and gamma-ray burst
• Exploring GRBs and supernovae connection: does a superluminous hypernova population exist?
• Inferring properties of neutron stars born in short gamma-ray bursts with a plerion-like X-ray plateau
• A Pulsar Wind Nebula Model Applied to Short GRB 050724
• Can we constrain the aftermath of binary neutron star mergers with short gamma-ray bursts?
• Physical origin of multi-wavelength emission of GRB 100418A and implications for its progenitor
• Effects of nucleon-nucleon short-range correlation and symmetry energy on the evolution of newly born magnetars
• New Skyrme parametrizations to describe finite nuclei and neutron star matter with realistic effective masses
• saprEMo: a simplified algorithm for predicting detections of electromagnetic transients in surveys
• GRB Afterglow of the Sub-relativistic Materials with Energy Injection
• Searching for Radio Transients with Inverted Spectra in Epoch 1 of VLASS and VCSS, and Identification of a Sample of Candidate Relativistic Nuclear Transients
• General-relativistic magnetar magnetospheres in 3D with physics-informed neural networks
• On the initial spin periods of magnetars born in weak supernova explosions and their gravitational wave radiation
• Stellar evolution, SN explosion, and nucleosynthesis
• Probing the progenitor of high-$z$ short-duration GRB 201221D and its possible bulk acceleration in prompt emission
• A LOFAR prompt search for radio emission accompanying X-ray flares in GRB 210112A
• Neutron Star Merger Remnants: Braking Indices, Gravitational Waves, and the Equation Of State
• A New Model for Iron Emission Lines and Re-Burst in GRB X-Ray Afterglows
• Time-averaging Polarimetric and Spectral Properties of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• On the role of magnetic fields into the dynamics and gravitational wave emission of binary neutron stars
• Long-term impact of the magnetic-field strength on the evolution and electromagnetic emission by neutron-star merger remnants
• The long-lasting optical afterglow plateau of short burst GRB 130912A
• Luminosity of a quark star undergoing torsional oscillations and the problem of gamma ray bursts
• Can the Bump be Observed in the Early Afterglow of GRBS with X-Ray Line Emission Features?
• Investigating the neutron star physics through observations of several young pulsars in the dipole-field re-emergence scenario
• Universal Afterglow Of Supernova-Less Gamma Ray Bursts
• Comparing the birth rate of stellar black holes in binary black hole mergers and long GRBs
• ALMA and RATIR observations of GRB131030A
• Constraints on fast radio burst emission in the aftermath of gamma-ray bursts
• Comparative Statistical Analysis of Prompt and Afterglow X-Ray Flares in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Insights into Extended Central Engine Activity
• Multimessenger signatures of a deformed magnetar in gamma-ray bursts
• X-ray afterglow of GRB 050712: Multiple energy injections into the external shock
• Of Mountains and Molehills : Gravitational Waves from Neutron Stars
• Multi-Model Framework for Reconstructing Gamma-Ray Burst Light Curves
• Exploring the connection between compact object mergers and fast X-ray transients: The cases of LXT 240402A and EP250207b
• A search for periodic activity in multi-peaked long gamma-ray bursts
• Low-frequency gravitational wave memory from gamma-ray burst afterglows with energy injection
• Accurate flux calibration of GW170817: is the X-ray counterpart on the rise?
• Studying newborn neutron stars by the transient emission after stellar collapses and compact binary mergers
• Constraining the Equation of State of Neutron Stars through GRB X-Ray Plateaus
• Constraining External Reverse Shock Physics of GRBs from ROTSE-III Limits
• Probing millisecond magnetar formation in binary neutron star mergers through X-ray follow-up of gravitational wave alerts
• EP241217a: a likely Type II GRB with an achromatic bump at z = 4.59
• Could the stochastic gravitational wave background from newborn magnetars be detected by the advanced LIGO and Einstein Telescope?
• A two-component jet model for the optical plateau in the afterglow of GRB 191221B
• Statistical Properties of Multiple Optical Emission Components in Gamma-Ray Bursts and Implications
• A possible origin of the Galactic Center magnetar SGR 1745-2900
• A Search for Low-frequency Radio Pulses from Long Gamma-ray Bursts with the Murchison Widefield Array
• Gamma-ray emission from decays of boosted nuclei in protomagnetar jets
• Pulsars and Millisecond Pulsars III: Tracing Compact Object Dynamics in Globular Clusters with NBODY6++GPU
• A search for hard X-ray bursts occurring simultaneously to fast radio bursts in the repeating FRB 121102
• Modeling the Multi-band Afterglows of GRB 060614 and GRB 060908: Further Evidence for a Double Power-Law Hard Electron Energy Spectrum
• A lower occurrence rate of bright X-ray flares in SN-GRBs than $z<1$ GRBs: evidence of energy partitions?
• Multi-epoch afterglow rebrightenings in GRB 250129A: Evidence for successive shock interactions
• Is GRB 110715A the progenitor of FRB 171209?
• Gamma-Ray Bursts, Supernovae Ia and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations: a binned cosmological analysis
• Synchrotron self-Compton Reverse Shock in Energy-Injection and Radiative Scenarios
• GRB 260310A / SN 2026fgk: A Multi-Wavelength Study of a Nearby Underluminous Long GRB and SN with a Complex Afterglow
• FRB 190520B embedded in a magnetar wind nebula and supernova remnant: luminous persistent radio source, decreasing dispersion measure and large rotation measure
• The Fast Radio Burst-emitting magnetar SGR 1935+2154 -- proper motion and variability from long-term Hubble Space Telescope monitoring
• GOTO identification and broadband modelling of the counterpart to the SVOM GRB 250818B
• Revisiting black hole hyperaccretion in the center of gamma-ray bursts for the lower mass gap
• Gamma-Ray Burst Light Curve Reconstruction: A Comparative Machine and Deep Learning Analysis
• The Double-Burst Nature and Early Afterglow Evolution of Long GRB 110801A
• The most distant optically polarised GRB afterglow: GRB 240419A at z = 5.178
• EP250108a/SN2025kg: A Magnetar-powered Gamma-Ray Burst Supernova Originating from a Close Helium-star Binary via Isolated Binary Evolution
• The maximum mass and rotational kinetic energy of rapidly rotating neutron stars
• Prompt and Afterglow Constraints on the Central Engine of GRB 240825A