GRB Observational Properties

Abstract

We summarize basic observational properties of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), including prompt emission properties, afterglow properties, and classification schemes. We also briefly comment on the current physical understanding of these properties.

36 pages, 6 figures. To be published in Space Science Review and Chapter 1 of ISSI-Beijing book "Gamma-ray bursts: a tool to explore the young universe"

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• Spectra and Light Curves of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows
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• Low Luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts as a Unique Population: Luminosity Function, Local Rate, and Beaming Factor
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• Identification and properties of the photospheric emission in GRB090902B
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• GRB 990123: Reverse and Internal Shock Flashes and Late Afterglow
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• REM observations of GRB 060418 and GRB 060607A: the onset of the afterglow and the initial fireball Lorentz factor determination
• Constraining GRB Initial Lorentz Factor with the Afterglow Onset Feature and Discovery of a Tight Gamma_0-E_iso Correlation
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• On the generation of high energy photons detected by the Fermi Satellite from gamma-ray bursts
• A Study of the Afterglows of Four GRBs: Constraining the Explosion and Fireball Model
• Making a Short Gamma-Ray Burst from a Long one: Implications for the Nature of GRB 060614
• The unusual X-ray emission of the short Swift GRB 090515: Evidence for the formation of a magnetar?
• A Radio-Selected Sample of Gamma Ray Burst Afterglows
• Electromagnetic Counterparts to Black Hole Mergers Detected by LIGO
• Detection of a spectral break in the extra hard component of GRB 090926A
• External forward shock origin of high energy emission for three GRBs detected by Fermi
• GRB efficiency and Possible Physical Processes Shaping the Early Afterglow
• GeV emission from Gamma Ray Bursts: a radiative fireball?
• Testing the Curvature Effect and Internal Origin of Gamma-Ray Burst Prompt Emissions and X-ray Flares with Swift Data
• Swift Identification of Dark Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Relativistic shock breakouts - a variety of gamma-ray flares: from low luminosity gamma-ray bursts to type Ia supernovae
• Mass Fall-back and Accretion in the Central Engine of Gamma-Ray Bursts
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• Is Thermal Emission in Gamma-Ray Bursts Ubiquitous?
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• Short Gamma-Ray Bursts from the Merger of Two Black Holes
• Evidence for chromatic X-ray light-curve breaks in Swift GRB afterglows and their theoretical implications
• Reconciling observed GRB prompt spectra with synchrotron radiation ?
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• The ultra-long Gamma-Ray Burst 111209A: the collapse of a blue supergiant?
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• A test of the millisecond magnetar central engine model of GRBs with Swift data
• Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows: Effects of Radiative Corrections and Nonuniformity of the Surrounding Medium
• Mergers of Charged Black Holes: Gravitational Wave Events, Short Gamma-Ray Bursts, and Fast Radio Bursts
• Hydrodynamics of a Relativistic Fireball: the Complete Evolution
• The X-ray afterglow flat segment in short GRB 051221A: Energy injection from a millisecond magnetar?
• Unveiling the origin of X-ray flares in Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Can X-ray emission powered by a spinning-down magnetar explain some GRB light curve features?
• Extra-galactic high-energy transients: event rate densities and luminosity functions
• A 3rd Class of Gamma Ray Bursts?
• The Giant X-ray Flare of GRB 050502B: Evidence for Late-Time Internal Engine Activity
• A theory of photospheric emission from relativistic, collimated outflows
• Gamma-ray bursts with continuous energy injection and their afterglow signature
• Spectral properties of 438 GRBs detected by Fermi/GBM
• Jet Breaks in Short Gamma-Ray Bursts. II: The Collimated Afterglow of GRB 051221A
• A comprehensive analysis of Swift/XRT data: I. Apparent spectral evolution of GRB X-ray tails
• Constraints on binary neutron star merger product from short GRB observations
• How Bad/Good Are the External Forward Shock Afterglow Models of Gamma-Ray Bursts?
• Evidence for a Photospheric Component in the Prompt Emission of the Short GRB120323A and its Effects on the GRB Hardness-Luminosity Relation
• A Comprehensive Analysis of Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Data: II. $E_{\mathrm{p}}$-Evolution Patterns and Implications for the Observed Spectrum-Luminosity Relations
• On the Mechanism of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows
• Nuclear Equation of State from Observations of Short Gamma-Ray Burst Remnants
• An All-Sky Search for Three Flavors of Neutrinos from Gamma-Ray Bursts with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
• Collapsar Jets, Bubbles and Fe Lines
• A Comprehensive Study of Gamma-Ray Burst Optical Emission: I. Flares and Early Shallow Decay Component
• GRB 021004: Reverse Shock Emission
• Spectral and timing properties of a dissipative GRB photosphere
• Discovery of a tight correlation for gamma ray burst afterglows with `canonical' light curves
• Can the early X-ray afterglow of GRBs be explained by a contribution from the reverse shock?
• Steepening of Afterglow Decay for Jets Interacting with Stratified Media
• An observational imprint of the Collapsar model of long Gamma Ray Bursts
• The Fermi GBM Gamma-Ray Burst Catalog: The First Two Years
• Open Questions in GRB Physics
• Discovery of a Radio Flare from GRB 990123
• "Late prompt" emission in Gamma Ray Bursts?
• An unusual stellar death on Christmas Day
• Angular Power Spectra of the COBE DIRBE Maps
• Energy input and response from prompt and early optical afterglow emission in gamma-ray bursts
• Low-Luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts as a Distinct GRB Population:A Firmer Case from Multiple Criteria Constraints
• A Photosphere-Internal Shock Model of Gamma-Ray Bursts: Case Studies of Fermi/LAT Bursts
• Gamma-ray bursts from magnetized collisionally-heated jets
• A Comprehensive Analysis of Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Data: III. Energy-Dependent T90 Distributions of GBM GRBs and Instrumental Selection Effect on Duration Classification
• A Comprehensive Study of Gamma-Ray Burst Optical Emission: II. Afterglow Onset and Late Re-Brightening Components
• Properties of Gamma-Ray Burst Progenitor Stars
• Short-living supermassive magnetar model for the early X-ray flares following short GRBs
• Early Optical Afterglows from Wind-Type Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The Connection Between Thermal and Non-Thermal Emission in Gamma-ray Bursts: General Considerations and GRB090902B as a Case Study
• The origin and propagation of variability in the outflows of long duration gamma-ray bursts
• Bright broad-band afterglows of gravitational wave bursts from mergers of binary neutron stars
• Photosphere emission from a hybrid relativistic outflow with arbitrary dimensionless entropy and magnetization in GRBs
• How Long does a Burst Burst?
• Lorentz Factor-Isotropic Luminosity/Energy Correlations of GRBS and Their Interpretation
• Non-Thermal emission from the photospheres of Gamma-Ray Burst outflows. I: High frequency tails
• An origin in the local Universe for some short gamma-ray bursts
• Astrophysics: A burst of new ideas
• Synchrotron Origin of the Typical GRB Band Function - A Case Study of GRB 130606B
• A Unified Treatment of the Gamma-Ray Burst 021211 and Its Afterglow Emissions
• Precursor activity in bright long BATSE gamma-Ray Bursts
• Model-dependent high-energy neutrino flux from Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Optical Flashes and Very Early Afterglows in Wind Environments
• Discovery of an Afterglow Extension of the Prompt Phase of Two Gamma Ray Bursts Observed by Swift
• Jet Breaks in Short Gamma-Ray Bursts. I: The Uncollimated Afterglow of GRB 050724
• X-ray flare in XRF 050406: evidence for prolonged engine activity
• X-ray flares and the duration of engine activity in gamma-ray bursts
• X-ray Hardness Evolution in GRB Afterglows and Flares: Late Time GRB Activity Without N_H Variations
• Internal X-ray plateau in short GRBs: Signature of supramassive fast-rotating quark stars?
• The Implications of Extreme Outflows from Extreme Starbursts
• GRB 090426: The Environment of a Rest-Frame 0.35-second Gamma-Ray Burst at Redshift z=2.609
• Witnessing the birth of the red sequence: ALMA high-resolution imaging of [CII] and dust in two interacting ultra-red starbursts at z = 4.425
• Optical Flash of GRB 990123: constraints on the physical parameter of the reverse shock
• The Role of Stochastic Acceleration in the Prompt Emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts: Application to Hadronic Injection
• Precursors in Swift Gamma Ray Bursts with redshift
• A New Classification Method for Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Revisiting the Long/Soft-Short/Hard Classification of Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Fermi Era
• Gamma Ray Bursts as Electromagnetic Outflows
• Multiwavelength observations of GRB 110731A: GeV emission from onset to afterglow
• Low Energy Spectral Index and $E_p$ evolution of Quasi-thermal Photosphere Emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Gamma-Ray Burst Prompt Emission Light Curves and Power Density Spectra in the ICMART Model
• On the Optical Light Curves of Afterglows from Jetted Gamma-ray Burst Ejecta: Effects of Parameters
• The very early afterglow powered by the ultra-relativistic mildly magnetized outflows
• GRB090426: the farthest short gamma-ray burst?
• GRB 091024A and the nature of ultra-long gamma-ray bursts
• The Onset of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow
• On the Possibility of Identification of a Short/Hard Burst GRB 051103 with the Giant Flare from a Soft Gamma Repeater in the M81 Group of Galaxies
• Dynamical and Spectral Modeling of the Ionized Gas and Nuclear Environment in NGC 3783
• Gamma-ray burst afterglows and evolution of postburst fireballs with energy injection from strongly magnetic millisecond pulsars
• Searching for magnetar powered merger-novae from short GRBs
• On the average Gamma-Ray Burst X-ray flaring activity
• How Sample Completeness Affects Gamma-Ray Burst Classification
• Ultrafast Outflows from Black Hole Mergers with a Mini-Disk
• On the classification of GRBs and their occurrence rates
• Internal Energy Dissipation of Gamma-Ray Bursts Observed with Swift: Precursors, Prompt Gamma-rays, Extended emission and Late X-ray Flares
• How Special Are Dark Gamma-Ray Bursts: A Diagnostic Tool
• Shallow decay phase of GRB X-ray afterglows from relativistic wind bubbles
• On the High Energy Emission of the Short GRB 090510
• Interpretation of the unprecedentedly long-lived high-energy emission of GRB 130427A
• A Comparative Study of Long and Short GRBs. I. Overlapping Properties
• The "amplitude" parameter of Gamma-Ray Bursts and its implications for GRB classification
• Towards an understanding of GRB prompt emission mechanism: I. The origin of spectral lags
• Temporal Profiles and Spectral Lags of XRF 060218
• Curvature Effect of a Non-Power-Law Spectrum and Spectral Evolution of GRB X-Ray Tails
• GRB 090313 and the Origin of Optical Peaks in GRB Light Curves: Implications for Lorentz Factors and Radio Flares
• Primordial Black Holes: Observational Characteristics of The Final Evaporation
• Dynamics and Afterglow Light Curves of GRB Blast Waves with a Long-lived Reverse Shock
• Modeling the broadband emission of Fermi/LAT GRB 090902B
• Is GeV Emission from Gamma-Ray Bursts of External Shock Origin?
• A Comprehensive Analysis of Swift/XRT Data: IV. Single Power-Law Decaying Lightcurves vs. Canonical Lightcurves and Implications for a Unified Origin of X-rays
• Discovery of the recombining plasma in the south of the Galactic center; a relic of the past Galactic center activity?
• Probing the Nature of High-z Short GRB 090426 with Its Early Optical and X-ray Afterglows
• Discovery of an extra hard spectral component in the high-energy afterglow emission of GRB 130427A
• GRB 131014A: a Laboratory to Study the Thermal-Like and Non-Thermal Emissions in Gamma-Ray Bursts, and the new L${}_{\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{nTh}}$-E${}_{\mathrm{peak},\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{nTh},\mathrm{rest}}$ relation
• A morphological analysis of gamma-ray burst early optical afterglows
• High energy emission of GRB 130427A: evidence for inverse Compton radiation
• Are Ultra-long Gamma-Ray Bursts different?
• Implications of the Tentative Association between GW150914 and a {\it Fermi}-GBM Transient
• The $E_{\mathrm{p}}$-Flux Correlation in the Rising and Decaying Phases of Gamma-Ray Burst Pulses: Evidence for Viewing Angle Effect?
• Probing the Bright Radio Flare and Afterglow of GRB 130427A with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager
• Luminous supernova-like UV/optical/infrared transients associated with ultra-long gamma-ray bursts from metal-poor blue supergiants
• Jet breaks at the end of the slow decline phase of Swift GRB lightcurves
• On the mass and origin of Chariklo's rings
• Stepwise Filter Correlation Method and Evidence of Superposed Variability Components in GRB Prompt Emission Lightcurves
• Electromagnetic Afterglows Associated with Gamma-Ray Emission Coincident with Binary Black Hole Merger Event GW150914
• Spectral evolution of Fermi/GBM short Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Collapse of Neutron Stars to Black Holes in Binary Systems: A Model for Short Gamma Ray Bursts
• Average power density spectrum of Swift long gamma-ray bursts in the observer and in the source rest frames
• Evidence for New Relations between Gamma Ray Burst Prompt and X-ray Afterglow Emission from 9 Years of Swift
• Fluorine variations in the globular cluster NGC 6656 (M22): implications for internal enrichment timescales
• The Collapse of Neutron Stars in High-Mass Binaries as the Energy Source for the Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The initial Lorentz factors of fireballs inferred from the early X-ray data of SWIFT GRBs
• Swift XRT Observations of the Afterglow of XRF 050416A
• Rapidly accreting white dwarfs as supernova type Ia progenitors
• Accounting for the XRT early steep decay in models of the prompt GRB emission
• Radiative damping and emission signatures of strong superluminal waves in pulsar winds
• Gamma Ray Burst reverse shock emission in early radio afterglows
• Dynamics and Afterglow Light Curves of GRB Blast Waves Encountering a Density Bump or Void
• Relation between the intrinsic and observed central engine activity time: implications for ultra-long GRBs
• Soft X-Ray Excess from Shocked Accreting Plasma in Active Galactic Nuclei
• Gravitational wave observations may constrain gamma-ray burst models: the case of GW 150914 - GBM

Cited by in corpus (12)

• General relativistic simulations of compact binary mergers as engines of short gamma-ray bursts
• Thermal and nonthermal emission from a peculiar long-duration GRB 211211A
• Characteristics of Two-episode Emission Patterns in {\em Fermi} Long Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Closure relations of Gamma Ray Bursts in high energy emission
• Hadronic origin of prompt high-energy emission of gamma-ray bursts revisited: in the case of a limited maximum proton energy
• The correlation between isotropic energy and duration of gamma-ray bursts
• Two Dimensional Clustering of Gamma-Ray Bursts using durations and hardness
• Probing Magnetic Fields of GRB X-ray Flares with Polarization Observations
• Search for Gamma Ray Bursts with the ARGO-YBJ Detector in Shower Mode
• Relativistic simulations of long-lived reverse shocks in stratified ejecta: the origin of flares in GRB afterglows
• GRB 201015A and the nature of low-luminosity soft gamma-ray bursts
• Plasmas in Gamma-Ray Bursts: particle acceleration, magnetic fields, radiative Processes and environments