The shock break-out of GRB 060218/SN 2006aj

Abstract

Although the link between long Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) and supernovae (SNe) has been established, hitherto there have been no observations of the beginning of a supernova explosion and its intimate link to a GRB. In particular, we do not know however how a GRB jet emerges from the star surface nor how a GRB progenitor explodes. Here we report on observations of the close GRB060218 and its connection to SN2006aj. In addition to the classical non-thermal emission, GRB060218 shows a thermal component in its X-ray spectrum, which cools and shifts into the optical/UV band as time passes. We interpret these features as arising from the break out of a shock driven by a mildly relativistic shell into the dense wind surrounding the progenitor. Our observations allow us for the first time to catch a SN in the act of exploding, to directly observe the shock break-out and to provide strong evidence that the GRB progenitor was a Wolf-Rayet star.

12 pages, 3 color figures (final version). Accepted for publication in Nature

References in corpus (3)

• An optical supernova associated with the X-ray flash XRF 060218
• The early X-ray emission from GRBs
• A non-spherical core in the explosion of supernova SN 2004dj

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• Statistical studies of optically dark gamma-ray bursts in the Swift era
• The curious case of EP241021a: Unraveling the mystery of its exceptional rebrightening
• The propagation of choked jet outflows in power-law external media
• Chemical stratification in a long gamma-ray burst cocoon and early-time spectral signatures of supernovae associated with gamma-ray bursts
• Gamma Ray Burst studies with THESEUS
• X-Ray Flares of Gamma-Ray Bursts: Quakes of Solid Quark Stars?
• The connection between Gamma-ray bursts and Supernovae Ib/c
• GRBs and Hypernova Explosions of Some Galactic Sources
• Radio rebrightening of the GRB afterglow by the accompanying supernova
• A short gamma-ray burst from a proto-magnetar remnant
• A unified accreting magnetar model for long-duration gamma-ray bursts and some stripped-envelope supernovae
• The Transient High-Energy Sky and Early Universe Surveyor (THESEUS)
• Numerical models of blackbody-dominated gamma-ray bursts -- I. Hydrodynamics and the origin of the thermal emission
• Simulations of Accretion Powered Supernovae in the Progenitors of Gamma Ray Bursts
• Non-thermal photon production via bulk comptonization at supernova shock breakout
• The Limited Contribution of Low- and High-Luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts to Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays
• Early Thermal X-ray Emission from Long Gamma-ray Bursts and Their Circumstellar Environments
• Prospects for multi-messenger extended emission from core-collapse supernovae in the Local Universe
• Science with the EXTraS Project: Exploring the X-ray Transient and variable Sky
• The Exotic Type Ic Broad-Lined Supernova SN 2018gep: Blurring the Line Between Supernovae and Fast Optical Transients
• The Bright and Choked Gamma-Ray Burst Contribution to the IceCube and ANTARES Low-Energy Excess
• Jet Geometry and Rate Estimate of Coincident Gamma Ray Burst and Gravitational Wave Observations
• Models for Gamma-Ray Bursts and Diverse Transients
• Deciphering the unusual stellar progenitor of GRB 210704A
• The best place and time to live in the Milky Way
• Monte-Carlo simulations of fast Newtonian and mildly relativistic shock breakout from a stellar wind
• Redshift Degeneracy in the Eiso-Epeak Relation of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• 1000 days of lowest frequency emission from the low-luminosity GRB 171205A
• High-energy gamma-ray afterglows from low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts
• Constraining photohadronic scenarios for the unified origin of IceCube neutrinos and ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays
• The Spectrum of a Fast Shock Breakout from a Stellar Wind
• Ultra-Long Gamma-Ray Bursts detection with SVOM/ECLAIRs
• The Broad-lined Ic Supernova ZTF18aaqjovh (SN 2018bvw): An Optically-discovered Engine-driven Supernova Candidate with Luminous Radio Emission
• On the existence of a luminosity threshold of GRB jets in massive stars
• GRAWITA: VLT Survey Telescope observations of the gravitational wave sources GW150914 and GW151226
• A search for \textit{Fermi} bursts associated to supernovae and their frequency of occurrence
• LSQ14efd: observations of the cooling of a shock break-out event in a type Ic Supernova
• The effects of a magnetar engine on the gamma-ray burst-associated supernovae: Application to double-peaked SN 2006aj
• Monte-Carlo simulations of relativistic radiation mediated shocks: II. photon starved regime
• Liverpool Telescope follow-up of candidate electromagnetic counterparts during the first run of Advanced LIGO
• Liverpool Telescope 2: a new robotic facility for rapid transient follow-up
• Electromagnetic priors for black hole spindown in searches for gravitational-waves from supernovae and long GRBs
• Constraining Low-luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts as Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Ray Sources Using GRB 060218 as a Proxy
• Broadband lightcurve characteristics of GRBs 980425 and 060218 and comparison with long-lag, wide-pulse GRBs
• The softening phenomenon due to the curvature effect: in the case of extremely short intrinsic emission
• Search for Gamma Ray Bursts with the ARGO-YBJ Detector in Shower Mode
• EP241021a: a months-duration X-ray transient with luminous optical and radio emission
• Supernovae and Gaia
• A magnetar powering the ordinary monster GRB 130427A?
• The rapid decline of the prompt emission in Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Some Implications of inverse-Compton Scattering of Hot Cocoon Radiation by relativistic jets in Gamma-Ray Bursts
• XMM-Newton and Swift observations of the Type IIb SN 2011dh in Messier 51
• GRB 050822: Detailed analysis of an XRF observed by Swift
• Multi-wavelength study of the luminous GRB 210619B observed with Fermi and ASIM
• Supernovae Shock Breakout/Emergence Detection Predictions for a Wide-Field X-ray Survey
• The velocity distribution of outflows driven by choked jets in stellar envelopes
• Multi-wavelength radiation models for low-luminosity GRBs, and the implications for UHECRs
• A search for gamma-ray prompt emission associated with the Lorimer Burst FRB010724
• GRB 201015A and the nature of low-luminosity soft gamma-ray bursts
• Research on the redshift evolution of luminosity function and selection effect of GRBs
• The supercritical pile gamma-ray burst model: The GRB afterglow steep-decline-and-plateau phase
• Ultra-High Energy Neutrino Afterglows of nearby Long Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Numeric spectral radiation hydrodynamic calculations of supernova shock breakouts
• X-ray Flashes or soft Gamma-ray Bursts? The case of the likely distant XRF 040912
• High-energy neutrino emission from magnetised jets of rapidly rotating protomagnetars
• Properties of Short GRB Pulses in the Fourth BATSE Catalog: Implications for Structure and Evolution of the Jetted Outflows
• The Long, the Short and the Weak - the origin of GRBs
• Recovering Swift-XRT energy resolution through CCD charge trap mapping
• Studying the SN-GRB connection with X-shooter: The GRB 100316D / SN 2010bh case
• Constraining the bulk Lorentz factor from the photosphere emission
• Discovery of Smoothly Evolving Blackbodies in the Early Afterglow of GRB 090618 : Evidence for a Spine-Sheath Jet?
• Multidimensional analysis of Fermi GBM gamma-ray bursts
• GRB Optical and X-ray Plateau Properties Classifier Using Unsupervised Machine Learning
• Search for GeV Gamma Ray Bursts with the ARGO-YBJ Detector: Summary of Eight Years of Observations
• Gravitational Waves from the Propagation of Long Gamma-Ray Burst jets
• Effective absorbing column density in the gamma-ray burst afterglow X-ray spectra
• General Polytropic Magnetofluid under Self-Gravity: Voids and Shocks
• On the Tidal Capture of White Dwarfs by Intermediate-mass Black Holes in Dense Stellar Environments
• False outliers of the Ep,i - Eiso correlation?
• Early supernova emission -- logarithmic corrections to the planar phase
• Astrophysics in 2006
• Searching for narrow absorption and emission lines in XMM-Newton spectra of gamma-ray bursts
• Swift/UVOT: 18 Years of Long GRB Discoveries and Advances
• LMC X-3 May Be a Relic of a GRB Similar to Cosmological GRBs
• Early Optical Observations of GRB 150910A: Bright Jet Optical Afterglow and X-ray Dipole Radiation from a Magnetar Central Engine
• New JWST redshifts for the host galaxies of CDF-S XT1 and XT2: understanding their nature
• GRB 171205A: Hypernova and Newborn Neutron Star
• Observing the prompt emission of gamma-ray bursts
• Gamma Ray Bursts as Neutrino Sources
• Current status of gravitational-wave observations
• Gamma-Ray Burst in a Binary System
• Luminosity function and event rate density of XMM-Newton-selected supernova shock-breakout candidates
• A time domain experiment with Swift: monitoring of seven nearby galaxies
• How are gamma-ray burst radio afterglows populated?
• Hydrodynamical interaction of mildly relativistic ejecta with an ambient medium
• A numerical jet model for the prompt emission of gamma-ray bursts
• Hunting Gravitational Waves with Multi-Messenger Counterparts: Australia's Role
• Thermal components in the early X-ray afterglows of GRBs: likely cocoon emission and constraints on the progenitors
• Extreme luminosities in ejecta produced by intermittent outflows around rotating black holes
• The Luminosity Phase Space of Galactic and Extragalactic X-ray Transients Out to Intermediate Redshifts
• The Carnegie Supernova Project-I. Optical spectroscopy of stripped-envelope supernovae
• Long Gamma Ray Bursts Trace The Star Formation History
• Optical photometry and spectroscopy of the low-luminosity, broad-lined Ic supernova iPTF15dld
• On the universal late X-ray emission of binary-driven hypernovae and its possible collimation
• Oscillation of high energy neutrinos in Choked GRBs
• An Off-Axis Relativistic Jet Model for the Type Ic supernova SN 2007gr
• GRBs spectral correlations and their cosmological use
• The unusual X-ray light-curve of GRB 080307: the onset of the afterglow?
• Long gamma-ray bursts without visible supernovae: a case study of redshift estimators and alleged novel objects
• Relationship between pulse width and energy in GRB 060124: from X-ray to gamma-ray bands
• High Energy Transients
• Revisiting GRB 060218: new insights into low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts from a revised shock breakout model
• Shock break-out: how a GRB revealed the beginnings of a supernova
• Anomalous X-Ray emission in GRB060904B: a Nickel line?
• The late jet in gamma-ray bursts and its interactions with a supernova ejecta and a cocoon
• Signature of Collapsars as Sources for High-energy Neutrinos and $r$-process Nuclei
• Study of Envelope Velocity Evolution of Type Ib-c Core-Collapse Supernovae from Observations of XRF 080109 / SN 2008D and GRB 060218 / SN 2006aj with BTA
• An optimized radio follow-up strategy for stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae
• X-ray Flares Raising upon Magnetar Plateau as an Implication of a Surrounding Disk of Newborn Magnetized Neutron Star
• Diffusive photospheres in gamma-ray bursts
• Forecasting Supernova Observations with the CSST: I. Photometric Samples
• Shock Breakout from Stellar Envelopes: The relativistic limit
• Prospects for Time-Domain and Multi-Messenger Science with eXTP
• Reply to: Three papers regarding the origin of GN-z11-flash
• PeV neutrinos from wind breakouts of type II supernovae
• A new model of the Central Engine of GRB and the Cosmic Jets
• A comprehensive view of blackbody components in the X-ray spectra of GRBs
• Secondary Photons from High-energy Protons Accelerated in Hypernovae
• The soft X-ray transient EP241021a: A cosmic explosion with a complex off-axis jet and cocoon from a massive progenitor
• Possible correlations between the emission properties of short GRBs and their offsets from the host galaxies
• How unusual is XRF 060218 ?
• Short Gamma Ray Bursts as possible electromagnetic counterpart of coalescing binary systems
• Exploring GRBs and supernovae connection: does a superluminous hypernova population exist?
• Could the GRB-Supernovae GRB 031203 and XRF 060218 be Cosmic Twins?
• Detection of short high-energy transients in the localuniverse with SVOM/ECLAIRs
• The in-flight spectroscopic performance of the Swift XRT CCD camera during 2006-2007
• Standard GRB, Dirty Fireballs, and the Excluded Middle
• Neutrino emission from a GRB afterglow shock during an inner supernova shock breakout
• Self-Similarities and Power-laws in the Time-resolved Spectra of GRB 190114C, GRB 130427A, GRB 160509A, and GRB 160625B
• Spectral and Photometric Monitoring of Distant Core-Collapse Supernovae in the SAO RAS
• Thermal Emission in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows
• Broadband Radiation from Primary Electrons in Very Energetic Supernovae
• Probing the progenitor of high-$z$ short-duration GRB 201221D and its possible bulk acceleration in prompt emission
• A theoretical color-velocity correlation for supernovae associated with gamma-ray bursts
• Modeling the Multi-band Light Curves of the Afterglows of Three Gamma-Ray Bursts and Their Associated Supernovae
• X-ray Light Curve and Spectra of Shock Breakout in a Wind
• The statistics of BAT-to-XRT flux ratio in GRB: Evidence for a characteristic value and its implications
• Off-axis MeV and very-high-energy gamma-ray emissions from structured gamma-ray burst jets
• Delayed Onset and Fast Rise of Prompt Optical-UV Emission from Gamma-Ray Bursts in Molecular Clouds
• Unveiling the enigma of ATLAS17aeu
• Unveiling the nature of the Einstein Probe transient EP 241021a
• GRB 060218: The nature of the optical-UV component
• Prompt Emission from Tidal Disruptions of White Dwarfs by Intermediate Mass Black Holes
• Proto-magnetar jets as central engines for broad-lined type Ic supernovae
• GRB 180728A and SN 2018fip: the nearest high-energy cosmological gamma-ray burst with an associated supernova
• Toward an inner connection of SNe Ic, SLSNe Ic, XRF connected SNe, SNe Ic-BL, and GRB connected SNe
• An unexplored regime of shock breakout with a distinct spectral signature
• An Online Framework for Fitting Fast Transient Lightcurves
• Designing large pixelated CdTe detection planes for hard X-ray transients detection
• The Swift satellite lives up to its name, revealing cosmic explosions as they happen
• Explosive and radio-selected Transients: Transient Astronomy with SKA and its Precursors
• The X-ray and Radio Loud Fast Blue Optical Transient AT2020mrf: Implications for an Emerging Class of Engine-Driven Massive Star Explosions
• Two types of softening detected in X-ray afterglows of Swift bursts: internal and external shock origins?
• Soft X-ray Observation of the Prompt Emission of GRB100418A
• GRB Progenitors and Observational Criteria
• A search for pulsations from the compact object of GRB 060218
• Physical Parameters Of The Relativistic Shock Waves In GRBs: The Case Of 30 GRBs
• An Archival Optical Counterpart Search for Extragalactic Fast X-Ray Transients Discovered by Einstein Probe
• Plasmas in Gamma-Ray Bursts: particle acceleration, magnetic fields, radiative Processes and environments
• The radio afterglow of the ultra-long GRB 220627A
• Discovery of a gamma-ray burst with an associated supernova
• Revise thermal winds of remnant neutron stars in gamma-ray bursts
• Observational signatures of stellar explosions driven by relativistic jets
• Einstein Probe Fast X-ray Transients Extend the Physical Parameter Space of Relativistic Jets
• Spectral Hardness as the Primary Discriminator: Unveiling the Collapsar--Merger Boundary with a Gold-Standard Gamma-Ray Burst Sample
• Light Curves of Swift Gamma Ray Bursts
• Study of a Population of Gamma-ray Bursts with Low-Luminosity Afterglows
• XIAO: a soft X-ray telescope for the SVOM Mission
• EP250108a/SN2025kg: A Magnetar-powered Gamma-Ray Burst Supernova Originating from a Close Helium-star Binary via Isolated Binary Evolution
• Multi-Messenger Signatures of PeV-ZeV Cosmic Ray Sources
• Thermal Emission from a Hot Cocoon Surrounding the Jet of XRF 060218
• A Unified Framework for 10 TeV to EeV Diffuse Neutrino Sky and KM3-230213A
• Time Domain Astronomy with the THESEUS Satellite