Ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray nuclei and neutrinos from engine-driven supernovae

Abstract

Transrelativistic supernovae (SNe), which are likely driven by central engines via jets or winds, have been among candidate sources of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). We investigate acceleration and survival of UHECR nuclei in the external reverse shock scenario. With composition models used in Zhang et al. (2018), we calculate spectra of escaping cosmic rays and secondary neutrinos. If their local rate is $\sim 1$% of the core-collapse supernova rate, the observed UHECR spectrum and composition can be explained with the total cosmic-ray energy ${\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{cr}}\sim 10^{51}$ erg. The maximum energy of UHECR nuclei can reach $\sim 10^{20}-{10}^{21}\mathrm{eV}$. The diffuse flux of source neutrinos is predicted to be $\sim 10^{-11}-10^{-10}\mathrm{GeV}{\mathrm{cm}}^{-2}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}{\mathrm{sr}}^{-1}$ in the 0.1-1 EeV range, satisfying nucleus-survival bounds. The associated cosmogenic neutrino flux is calculated, and shown to be comparable or even higher than the source neutrino flux. These ultrahigh-energy neutrinos can be detected by ultimate detectors such as the Giant Radio Askaryan Neutrino Detector and Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics.

arXiv comment16 pages, 17 figures, expanded and revised version, accepted for publication in Physical Review D

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