Trans-Relativistic Blast Waves in Supernovae as Gamma-Ray Burst Progenitors

Abstract

We investigate the acceleration of shock waves to relativistic velocities in the outer layers of exploding stars. By concentrating the explosion energy in the outermost ejecta, such trans-relativistic blast waves can serve as the progenitors of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs); in particular, the ``baryon-loading'' problem that plagues many models of GRBs is circumvented. We present physically motivated and numerically validated analytic expressions to describe trans-relativistic blast waves in supernovae. We find that relativistic ejecta are enhanced in more centrally condensed envelopes, e.g., for radiative envelopes, when the luminosity approaches the Eddington limit. We present convenient formulae for estimating the relativistic ejecta from a given progenitor. We apply our analytic and numerical methods to a model of SN 1998bw, finding significantly enhanced relativistic ejecta compared to previous studies. We propose that GRB 980425 is associated with SN 1998bw and may have resulted from an approximately spherical explosion producing ~10^-6 M_sun of mildly relativistic ejecta with mean Lorentz factor ~2, which then interacted with a dense circumstellar wind with mass loss rate ~few x 10^-4 M_sun/yr. A highly asymmetric explosion is not required. An extreme model of ``hypernova'' explosions in massive stars is able to account for the energetics and relativistic ejecta velocities required by many of the observed cosmological GRBs. We present simplified models of explosions resulting from accretion-induced collapse of white dwarfs and phase transitions of neutron stars. While we find increased energies in relativistic ejecta compared to previous studies, these explosions are unlikely to be observed at cosmological distances with current detectors. (abridged)

arXiv commentAccepted to ApJ; minor changes from previous version; 41 pages (including 12 figures)

References in corpus (53)

• Collapsars - Gamma-Ray Bursts and Explosions in "Failed Supernovae"
• Discovery of the peculiar supernova 1998bw in the error box of GRB980425
• Gamma-Ray Bursts and the Fireball Model
• Supernovae, Jets, and Collapsars
• A `Hypernova' model for SN 1998bw associated with gamma-ray burst of 25 April 1998
• The Expulsion of Stellar Envelopes in Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Connection Between Energy-dependent Lags And Peak Luminosity In Gamma-ray Bursts
• The unusual afterglow of GRB 980326: evidence for the gamma-ray burst/supernova connection
• Lower Limits on Lorentz Factors in Gamma Ray Bursts
• The afterglow, the redshift, and the extreme energetics of the gamma-ray burst 990123
• Refreshed Shocks and Afterglow Longevity in GRB
• Asymmetric Supernovae, Pulsars, Magnetars, and Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The Mass Distribution of Stellar Black Holes
• Jet-Induced Explosions of Core Collapse Supernovae
• Dust sublimation by GRBs and its implications
• Gamma-Ray Bursts and Type Ic Supernovae: SN 1998bw
• Optical and Radio Observations of the Afterglow from GRB990510: Evidence for a Jet
• Impulsive and Varying Injection in GRB Afterglows
• Multi-Wavelength Afterglows in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Refreshed Shock and Jet Effects
• High column densities and low extinctions of gamma-ray bursts: Evidence for hypernovae and dust destruction
• What Can the Accretion Induced Collapse of White Dwarfs Really Explain?
• GRB 970228 Revisited: Evidence for a Supernova in the Light Curve and La te Spectral Energy Distribution of the Afterglow
• Evidence for a supernova in reanalyzed optical and near-infrared images of GRB970228
• On the energy of gamma-ray bursts
• Cosmological GRBs: Internal vs. External Shocks
• Aspherical Explosion Models for SN 1998bw/GRB 980425
• Gamma-ray Burst Energetics
• BeppoSAX Observations of GRB980425: Detection of the Prompt Event and Monitoring of the Error Box
• The Supernova-Gamma Ray Burst Connection
• Radio Supernova SN 1998bw and Its Relation to GRB 980425
• The Escape of High-Energy Photons from Gamma-Ray Bursts
• SN1997cy/GRB970514 - A New Piece in the GRB Puzzle?
• Observations of GRB 990123 by the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory
• SN 1998bw at late phases
• Gamma Ray Bursts from Minijets
• The properties of Supernova 1997cy associated to GRB970514
• Short Timescale Variability in the External Shock Model of Gamma Ray Bursts
• The Fading Optical Counterpart of GRB~970228, Six Months and One Year Later
• The Discovery and Broad-band Follow-up of the Transient Afterglow of GRB 980703
• The faint-galaxy hosts of gamma-ray bursts
• Radio Observations of SN 1979C: Evidence for Rapid Presupernova Evolution
• Analysis of the Polarization and Flux Spectra of SN1993J
• Dust Echos from Gamma Ray Bursts
• Deceleration in the Expansion of SN1993J
• Expected characteristics of the subclass of Supernova Gamma-ray Bursts (S-GRBs)
• Evidence for an Early High-Energy Afterglow Observed with BATSE from GRB980923
• A Sub-Relativistic Shock Model for the Radio Emission of SN1998bw
• Gamma-Ray Burst and Relativistic Shells: The Surface Filling Factor
• Gamma-Ray Bursts as Hypernovae
• Constraints on Association of Single-pulse Gamma-ray Bursts and Supernovae
• Stability of the r-modes in white dwarf stars
• SN1998bw: The Case for a Relativistic Shock
• SNI: a new mechanism for gamma ray burst. I.Weak magnetic field

Cited by in corpus (139)

• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Convective Boundaries, Element Diffusion, and Massive Star Explosions
• The Supernova -- Gamma-Ray Burst Connection
• Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The shock break-out of GRB 060218/SN 2006aj
• Theories of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Relativistic ejecta from XRF 060218 and the rate of cosmic explosions
• Relativistic Jets in Collapsars
• GRB Energetics and the GRB Hubble Diagram: Promises and Limitations
• Early supernovae light-curves following the shock-breakout
• Circumstellar Emission from Type Ib and Ic Supernovae
• A Relativistic Type Ibc Supernova Without a Detected Gamma-ray Burst
• TeV Neutrinos from Successful and Choked Gamma-Ray Bursts
• The Observer's Guide to the Gamma-Ray Burst-Supernova Connection
• The Propagation and Eruption of Relativistic Jets from the Stellar Progenitors of GRBs
• Relativistic MHD simulations of core-collapse GRB jets: 3D instabilities and magnetic dissipation
• Supernova Hosts for Gamma-Ray Burst Jets: Dynamical Constraints
• The Formation of the First Stars I. Mass Infall Rates, Accretion Disk Structure and Protostellar Evolution
• Relativistic shock breakouts - a variety of gamma-ray flares: from low luminosity gamma-ray bursts to type Ia supernovae
• Discovery of an outflow from radio observations of the tidal disruption event ASASSN-14li
• The Observable Signatures of GRB Cocoons
• GRB060218: A Relativistic Supernova Shock Breakout
• Are low luminosity GRBs generated by relativistic jets?
• Fast radiation mediated shocks and supernova shock breakouts
• A unified picture for low-luminosity and long gamma-ray bursts based on the extended progenitor of llgrb 060218/SN 2006aj
• Thermalization in Relativistic Outflows and the Correlation between Spectral Hardness and Apparent Luminosity in Gamma-ray Bursts
• Mass ejection from neutron star mergers: different components and expected radio signals
• SN 2006aj and the nature of low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts
• GRB 050509B: Constraints on short gamma-ray burst models
• Relativistic supernovae have shorter-lived central engines or more extended progenitors: the case of SN\,2012ap
• The Radio Evolution of the Ordinary Type Ic SN 2002ap
• GRB170817A associated with GW170817: multifrequency observations and modeling of prompt gamma-ray emission
• High-energy Cosmic Rays and Neutrinos from Semi-relativistic Hypernovae
• A mildly relativistic outflow from the energetic, fast-rising blue optical transient CSS161010 in a dwarf galaxy
• Deceleration of a Relativistic, Photon-Rich Shell: End of Preacceleration, Damping of MHD Turbulence, and the Emission Mechanism of Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Shock Breakout from Type Ia Supernova
• Mass Ejection in Failed Supernovae: Variation with Stellar Progenitor
• Ultrarelativistic electromagnetic counterpart to binary neutron star mergers
• The signature of the central engine in the weakest relativistic explosions: GRB100316D
• Shock breakout theory
• Magnetically-driven explosions of rapidly-rotating white dwarfs following Accretion-Induced Collapse
• The mass and energy budget of Cassiopeia A
• The Radio and X-ray Luminous Type Ibc Supernova 2003L
• Low-Luminosity GRB 060218: A Collapsar Jet from a Neutron Star, Leaving a Magnetar as a Remnant?
• Multimessenger astronomy with gravitational waves and high-energy neutrinos
• The Broad-Lined Type Ic SN 2012ap and the Nature of Relativistic Supernovae Lacking a Gamma-ray Burst Detection
• A study of gamma ray bursts with afterglow plateau phases associated with supernovae
• Chandra Observations of the X-ray Environs of SN 1998bw/GRB 980425
• On the lateral expansion of GRB jets
• Spectra of Type Ia Supernovae from Double Degenerate Mergers
• On the Origin and Survival of UHE Cosmic-Ray Nuclei in GRBs and Hypernovae
• Luminosity function and jet structure of Gamma Ray Bursts
• Radio and X-ray Observations of the Type Ic SN 2007gr Reveal an Ordinary, Non-relativistic Explosion
• Nonthermal gamma-ray and X-ray flashes from shock breakout in gamma-ray bursts/supernovae
• Physics of radiation mediated shocks and its applications to GRBs, supernovae, and neutron star mergers
• Supernova 1998bw - The final phases
• Shock Breakout in Type Ibc Supernovae and Application to GRB 060218/SN 2006aj
• Gamma-Ray Bursts from quark stars
• Cosmic rays from trans-relativistic supernovae
• Shock Breakout in 3-Dimensional Red Supergiant Envelopes
• Jet or Shock Breakout? The Low-Luminosity GRB 060218
• On the origin of the multi-GeV photons from the closest burst with intermediate luminosity: GRB 190829A
• Supernova Properties from Shock Breakout X-rays
• Oblique Shock Breakout in Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts: I. Dynamics and Observational Implications
• A Numerical Gamma-Ray Burst Simulation Using Three-Dimensional Relativistic Hydrodynamics: The Transition from Spherical to Jet-like Expansion
• The afterglow of a relativistic shock breakout and low-luminosity GRBs
• Constraints on Off-Axis GRB Jets in Type Ibc Supernovae From Late-Time Radio Observations
• On the Early Time X-ray Spectra of Swift Afterglows I: Evidence for Anomalous Soft X-ray Emission
• Monte-Carlo simulations of relativistic radiation mediated shocks: I. photon rich regime
• The X-Ray Transient 080109 in NGC 2770: an X-Ray Flash Associated with a Normal Core-Collapse Supernova
• Thermal Electrons in Mildly-relativistic Synchrotron Blast-waves
• Jets as diagnostics of the circumstellar medium and the explosion energetics of supernovae: the case of Cas A
• The short GRB 170817A: Modelling the off-axis emission and implications on the ejecta magnetization
• Ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray nuclei and neutrinos from engine-driven supernovae
• Early emission from type Ia supernovae
• GRB 140606B / iPTF14bfu: Detection of shock-breakout emission from a cosmological gamma-ray burst?
• 2D radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of supernova ejecta with a central power source
• Jets in Hydrogen-poor Super-luminous Supernovae: Constraints from a Comprehensive Analysis of Radio Observations
• Does the detection of X-ray emission from SN1998bw support its association with GRB980425?
• Production of Lithium, Beryllium, and Boron by Hypernovae
• A Failed Gamma-Ray Burst with Dirty Energetic Jets Spirited Away? New Implications for the GRB-SN Connection from Supernova 2002ap
• Self-similar solutions for relativistic shocks emerging from stars with polytropic envelopes
• Radio emission from the cocoon of a GRB jet: implications for relativistic supernovae and off-axis GRB emission
• Radio synchrotron emission from secondary electrons in interaction-powered supernovae
• Self-Similar Evolution of Relativistic Shock Waves Emerging from Plane-Parallel Atmospheres
• Bolometric light curves of aspherical shock breakout
• 2D radiaition-hydrodynamic simulations of supernova shock breakout in bipolar explosions of a blue supergiant progenitor
• On the Composition of GRBs' Collapsar Jets
• Relativistic envelopes and gamma-rays from neutron star mergers
• The large landscape of supernova, GRB and cocoon interactions
• GeV photons from up-scattering of supernova shock breakout X-rays by an outside GRB jet
• Relativistic supernova ejecta colliding with a circumstellar medium: an application to the low-luminosity GRB 171205A
• Roles of Supernova Ejecta in Nucleosynthesis of Light Elements, Li, Be, and B
• Shock Emergence in Supernovae: Limiting Cases and Accurate Approximations
• Radio rebrightening of the GRB afterglow by the accompanying supernova
• Relativistic shock breakout from a stellar wind
• Oblique Shock Breakout in Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts: II. Numerical Solutions For Non-Relativistic Pattern Speeds
• GRB off-axis afterglows and the emission from the accompanying supernovae
• Models for Gamma-Ray Bursts and Diverse Transients
• The Effects on Supernova Shock Breakout and Swift Light Curves Due to the Mass of the Hydrogen-Rich Envelope
• The Spectrum of a Fast Shock Breakout from a Stellar Wind
• 1000 days of lowest frequency emission from the low-luminosity GRB 171205A
• High-energy gamma-ray afterglows from low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts
• Aspherical Supernovae: Effects on Early Light Curves
• Optical Transient from an Explosion Close to the Stellar Surface
• Particle Acceleration in Mildly Relativistic Outflows of Fast Energetic Transient Sources
• Wave-Driven Shocks in Stellar Outbursts: Dynamics, Envelope Heating, and Nascent Blastwaves
• Monte-Carlo simulations of relativistic radiation mediated shocks: II. photon starved regime
• Afterglow light curves of the non-relativistic ejecta mass in a stratified circumstellar medium
• Analytic solutions of the nonlinear radiation diffusion equation with an instantaneous point source in non-homogeneous media
• Supernovae Shock Breakout/Emergence Detection Predictions for a Wide-Field X-ray Survey
• Piston driven shock waves in non-homogeneous planar media
• Neutrino Emission from Luminous Fast Blue Optical Transients
• Description of atypical bursts seen slightly off-axis
• The Long, the Short and the Weak - the origin of GRBs
• Observational Constraints on Late-Time Radio Rebrightening of GRB-Supernovae
• GRB 171205A: Hypernova and Newborn Neutron Star
• Hydrodynamical interaction of mildly relativistic ejecta with an ambient medium
• Constraints on the environment and energetics of the Broad-Line Ic SN2014ad from deep radio and X-ray observations
• Optical Synchrotron Precursors of Radio Hypernovae
• Observational Properties of Thermal Emission from Relativistic Jets Embedded in AGN Disks
• Revisiting GRB 060218: new insights into low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts from a revised shock breakout model
• Survival of the Fittest: Numerical Modeling of Supernova 2014C
• Shock Breakout from Stellar Envelopes: The relativistic limit
• Ellipsars: Ring-like explosions from flattened stars
• Early soft X-ray to UV emission from double neutron star mergers: implications from the long-term radio and X-ray emissions of GW 170817
• Diagnosing The Ejecta Properties of Engine-Driven Supernovae from Observables in Their Initial Phase
• Composite self-similar solutions for relativistic shocks: the transition to cold fluid temperatures
• Relativistic Flows After Shock Emergence
• Cosmic ray protons in the energy range $10^{16}-10^{18.5}$ eV: stochastic gyroresonant acceleration in hypernova shocks?
• Cosmic Rays and High-Energy Neutrinos from Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Observability of flashes from ejecta crashes in aspherical supernovae, with application to SN 2008D
• GRB Afterglow of the Sub-relativistic Materials with Energy Injection
• The Variability of Gamma-Ray Bursts that Create Afterglows
• Stability of an Ultra-Relativistic Blast Wave in an External Medium with a Steep Power-Law Density Profile
• Effects of Relativistic Expansion on the Late-time Supernova Light Curves
• Weak Radio and Bright Early Optical Emission in EP260321a: A Comparative Study with XRO 080109 Reveals the Role of Circumstellar Material Mass
• Spectral Hardness as the Primary Discriminator: Unveiling the Collapsar--Merger Boundary with a Gold-Standard Gamma-Ray Burst Sample
• Gravitational Radiation from Accelerating Jets
• Investigations of Lepton and Baryon Acceleration in Relativistic Astrophysical Shocks