Physics of radiation mediated shocks and its applications to GRBs, supernovae, and neutron star mergers
arXiv:1909.10288 · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2020.04.003
Abstract
The first electromagnetic signal observed in different types of cosmic explosions is released upon emergence of a shock created in the explosion from the opaque envelope enshrouding the central source. Notable examples are the early emission from various types of supernovae and low luminosity GRBs, the prompt photospheric emission in long GRBs, and the gamma-ray emission that accompanied the gravitational wave signal in neutron star mergers. In all of these examples, the shock driven by the explosion is mediated by the radiation trapped inside it, and its velocity and structure, that depend on environmental conditions, dictate the characteristics of the observed electromagnetic emission at early times, and potentially also their neutrino emission. Much efforts have been devoted in recent years to develop a detailed theory of radiation mediated shocks in an attempt to predict the properties of the early emission in the aforementioned systems. These efforts are timely in view of the anticipated detection rate of shock breakout candidates by upcoming transient factories, and the potential detection of a gamma-ray flash from shock breakout in neutron star mergers like GW170817. This review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the theory and applications of radiation mediated shocks, starting from basic principles. The classification of shock solutions, which are governed by the conditions prevailing in each class of objects, and the methods used to solve the shock equations in different regimes will be described, with particular emphasis on the observational diagnostics. The applications to supernovae, low-luminosity GRBs, long GRBs, neutron star mergers, and neutrino emission will be highlighted.
arXiv commentInvited review, Physics Reports
References in corpus (145)
- GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral
- Gravitational Waves and Gamma-rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A
- An Ordinary Short Gamma-Ray Burst with Extraordinary Implications: Fermi-GBM Detection of GRB 170817A
- Beaming in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Evidence for a Standard Energy Reservoir
- Observation of High-Energy Astrophysical Neutrinos in Three Years of IceCube Data
- High Energy Neutrinos from Cosmological Gamma-Ray Burst Fireballs
- INTEGRAL Detection of the First Prompt Gamma-Ray Signal Coincident with the Gravitational Wave Event GW170817
- Illuminating Gravitational Waves: A Concordant Picture of Photons from a Neutron Star Merger
- First observation of PeV-energy neutrinos with IceCube
- Hyper-Accreting Black Holes and Gamma-Ray Bursts
- The shock break-out of GRB 060218/SN 2006aj
- The collimation--corrected GRB energies correlate with the peak energy of their spectrum
- The Expulsion of Stellar Envelopes in Core-Collapse Supernovae
- The mass ejection from the merger of binary neutron stars
- An extremely luminous X-ray outburst at the birth of a supernova
- Binary Neutron Star Mergers: Mass Ejection, Electromagnetic Counterparts and Nucleosynthesis
- Shock Breakout in Dense Mass Loss: Luminous Supernovae
- Efficient acceleration and radiation in Poynting flux powered GRB outflows
- The Synchrotron Shock Model Confronts a `Line of Death' in the BATSE Gamma-Ray Burst Data
- Early supernovae light-curves following the shock-breakout
- A Wolf-Rayet-like progenitor of supernova SN 2013cu from spectral observations of a wind
- The propagation of relativistic jets in external media
- An Absence of Neutrinos Associated with Cosmic Ray Acceleration in Gamma-Ray Bursts
- From Shock Breakout to Peak and Beyond: Extensive Panchromatic Observations of the Type Ib Supernova 2008D associated with Swift X-ray Transient 080109
- The observable effects of a photospheric component on GRB's and XRF's prompt emission spectrum
- Particle Acceleration in Relativistic Magnetized Collisionless Pair Shocks: Dependence of Shock Acceleration on Magnetic Obliquity
- TeV Neutrinos from Successful and Choked Gamma-Ray Bursts
- Gamma-Ray Bursts and Type Ic Supernovae: SN 1998bw
- TeV-PeV Neutrinos from Low-Power Gamma-Ray Burst Jets inside Stars
- Precursors prior to Type IIn supernova explosions are common: precursor rates, properties, and correlations
- A Reconnection Switch to Trigger Gamma-Ray Burst Jet Dissipation
- High Energy Neutrinos and Cosmic-Rays from Low-Luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts?
- Relativistic MHD simulations of core-collapse GRB jets: 3D instabilities and magnetic dissipation
- The early UV/Optical emission from core-collapse supernovae
- Setting the Stage for Circumstellar Interaction in Core-Collapse Supernovae II: Wave-Driven Mass Loss in Supernova Progenitors
- Relativistic shock breakouts - a variety of gamma-ray flares: from low luminosity gamma-ray bursts to type Ia supernovae
- Is Thermal Emission in Gamma-Ray Bursts Ubiquitous?
- Asymptotic structure of Poynting dominated jets
- A cocoon shock breakout as the origin of the -ray emission in GW170817
- Supernova PTF 09uj: A possible shock breakout from a dense circumstellar wind
- GRB060218: A Relativistic Supernova Shock Breakout
- The cocoon emission - an electromagnetic counterpart to gravitational waves from neutron star mergers
- Choked Jets and Low-Luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts as Hidden Neutrino Sources
- Quasi-blackbody component and radiative efficiency of the prompt emission of gamma-ray bursts
- Trans-Relativistic Blast Waves in Supernovae as Gamma-Ray Burst Progenitors
- Neutrino heating near hyper-accreting black holes
- Extending the search for muon neutrinos coincident with gamma-ray bursts in IceCube data
- High Resolution 3D Relativistic MHD Simulations of Jets
- Very high efficiency photospheric emission in long duration gamma-ray bursts
- A theory of photospheric emission from relativistic, collimated outflows
- Neutrino Fluxes from Active Galaxies: a Model-Independent Analysis
- Fast radiation mediated shocks and supernova shock breakouts
- A unified picture for low-luminosity and long gamma-ray bursts based on the extended progenitor of llgrb 060218/SN 2006aj
- Off-axis prompt X-ray transients from the cocoon of short gamma-ray bursts
- Supernovae with Two Peaks in the Optical Light Curve and the Signature of Progenitors with Low-mass Extended Envelopes
- Thermalization in Relativistic Outflows and the Correlation between Spectral Hardness and Apparent Luminosity in Gamma-ray Bursts
- Impulsive Acceleration of Strongly Magnetized Relativistic Flows
- High Energy Neutrinos from Gamma Ray Bursts
- GRB170817A associated with GW170817: multifrequency observations and modeling of prompt gamma-ray emission
- A Theory of Mulicolor Black Body Emission from Relativistically Expanding Plasmas
- Pinpointing Extragalactic Neutrino Sources in Light of Recent IceCube Observations
- The origin and propagation of variability in the outflows of long duration gamma-ray bursts
- Limits on Neutrino Emission from Gamma-Ray Bursts with the 40 String IceCube Detector
- Observational evidence of dissipative photospheres in gamma-ray bursts
- Synchrotron radiation from the fast tail of dynamical ejecta of neutron star mergers
- An Interpretation of the - Correlation for GRB
- Regulation of the spectral peak in gamma-ray bursts
- Neutrino pair annihilation near accreting, stellar-mass black holes
- UHECR acceleration at GRB internal shocks
- Neutrino flux predictions for known Galactic microquasars
- The peak energy of dissipative GRB photospheres
- Optical to X-rays supernovae light curves following shock breakout through a thick wind
- Three-dimensional AMR simulations of long-duration Gamma-Ray Burst jets inside massive progenitor stars
- Three-Dimensional Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Current-Driven Instability. III. Rotating Relativistic Jets
- Probing Micro-quasars with TeV Neutrinos
- Low Energy Spectral Index and evolution of Quasi-thermal Photosphere Emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts
- Black-hole jets without large-scale net magnetic flux
- A Compact Fireball Model of Gamma Ray Bursts
- Relativistic Radiation Mediated Shocks
- Neutrino Spectra from Low and High Luminosity Populations of Gamma Ray Bursts
- Supernova Shock Breakout Through a Wind
- Numerically calibrated model for propagation of a relativistic unmagnetized jet in dense media
- An Off-Axis Jet Model For GRB980425 and Low Energy Gamma-Ray Bursts
- Peak Energy-Isotropic Energy Relation in the Off-Axis Gamma-Ray Burst Model
- A new mechanism for dissipation of alternating fields in Poynting dominated outflows
- On thermalization in gamma-ray burst jets and the peak energies of photospheric spectra
- Shock Breakout in Type II Plateau Supernovae: Prospects for High Redshift Supernova Surveys
- Interaction-powered supernovae: Rise-time vs. peak-luminosity correlation and the shock-breakout velocity
- EM counterparts of structured jets from 3D GRMHD simulations
- Constraints on the Progenitor of SN 2016gkg From Its Shock-Cooling Light Curve
- Spatial growth of current-driven instability in relativistic rotating jets and the search for magnetic reconnection
- Jet Luminosity From Neutrino-Dominated Accretion Flows in Gamma-Ray Bursts
- Radiative Transfer Models for Gamma-Ray Bursts
- Shock Breakout in Type Ibc Supernovae and Application to GRB 060218/SN 2006aj
- The nature of GRB980425 and the search for off-axis GRB signatures in nearby type Ib/c supernovae emission
- Spectral Puzzle of the Off-Axis Gamma-Ray Burst in GW170817
- Sub-photospheric shocks in relativistic explosions
- Relativistic Photon Mediated Shocks
- Non-relativistic radiation mediated shock breakouts: I. Exact bolometric planar breakout solutions
- iPTF15dtg: a double-peaked Type Ic Supernova from a massive progenitor
- High-energy neutrinos from reverse shocks in choked and successful relativistic jets
- Non-relativistic radiation mediated shock breakouts: III. Spectral properties of SN shock breakout
- Photospheric Emission from Collapsar Jets in 3D Relativistic Hydrodynamics
- Jet or Shock Breakout? The Low-Luminosity GRB 060218
- Baryon Loading of Gamma Ray Bursts by Pick-up Neutrons
- The dynamics of a highly magnetized jet propagating inside a star
- Local Simulations of Instabilities in Relativistic Jets I: Morphology and Energetics of the Current-Driven Instability
- Shock Dissipation in Magnetically Dominated Impulsive Flows
- The Difference Between the Amati and Ghirlanda Relations
- Photospheric emission from stratified jets
- The photospheric origin of the Yonetoku relation in gamma-ray bursts
- Photospheric Emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts
- Observational signatures of sub-photospheric radiation mediated shocks in the prompt phase of GRBs
- Constraints on Off-Axis GRB Jets in Type Ibc Supernovae From Late-Time Radio Observations
- High efficiency photospheric emission entailed by formation of a collimation shock in gamma-ray bursts
- Monte-Carlo simulations of relativistic radiation mediated shocks: I. photon rich regime
- SN 2008D: A Wolf-Rayet explosion through a thick wind
- Generalized compactness limit from an arbitrary viewing angle
- Shading and Smothering of Gamma Ray Bursts
- Non-equilibrium effects in steady relativistic winds
- Sub-Photospheric Emission from Relativistic Radiation Mediated Shocks in GRBs
- Jet formation in GRBs: A semi-analytic model of MHD flow in Kerr geometry with realistic plasma injection
- Collimation and confinement of magnetic jets by external media
- Interaction of a highly magnetized impulsive relativistic flow with an external medium
- Self-similar solutions for relativistic shocks emerging from stars with polytropic envelopes
- Photospheric Emission From Variable Engine Gamma Ray Burst Simulations
- Monte Carlo radiation transfer simulations of photospheric emission in long-duration Gamma-Ray Bursts
- Radiation mediated shocks in gamma-ray bursts: Pair creation
- Relativistic MHD Simulations of Poynting Flux-Driven Jets
- Observational evidence for a correlation between peak-luminosities and beaming in GRBs
- Cosmic Evolution of Long Gamma-Ray Burst Luminosity
- A Monte Carlo Radiation Transfer Study of Photospheric Emission in Gamma Ray Bursts
- Sub-photospheric, radiation mediated shocks in GRBs: Multiple shock emission and the Band spectrum
- Relativistic shock breakout from a stellar wind
- Interaction of a magnetized shell with an ambient medium: limits on impulsive magnetic acceleration
- Thermal Comptonization in Mildly Relativistic Pair Plasmas
- Ultra-relativistic, neutrino driven flows in GRBs: A double transonic flow solution in Schwarzschild spacetime
- Radiation mediated shocks in gamma-ray bursts: Subshock photon production
- The Spectrum of a Fast Shock Breakout from a Stellar Wind
- The effect of Compton drag on the dynamics of dissipative Poynting dominated flows: Implications for the unification of radio loud AGN
- Monte-Carlo simulations of relativistic radiation mediated shocks: II. photon starved regime
- Modelling the luminosity function of long Gamma Ray Bursts using SWIFT and FERMI
- Short GRBs Viewed from Far Off Axis
- Observational Constraints on Late-Time Radio Rebrightening of GRB-Supernovae
- Analytic Asymptotic Solution to Spherical Relativistic Shock Breakout
Cited by in corpus (41)
- The electromagnetic counterparts of compact binary mergers
- The structure of weakly-magnetized -ray burst jets
- Quasi-Periodic Erupters: A Stellar Mass-Transfer Model for the Radiation
- Observable signature of merging stellar-mass black holes in active galactic nuclei
- Shock cooling emission from explosions of red super-giants: I. A numerically calibrated analytic model
- Discovery of Three Candidate Magnetar-powered Fast X-ray Transients from Chandra Archival Data
- Observable signatures of stellar-mass black holes in active galactic nuclei
- Direct Numerical Simulations of Cosmic-ray Acceleration at Dense Circumstellar Medium: Magnetic Field Amplification by Bell Instability and Maximum Energy
- Bolometric light curves of aspherical shock breakout
- Gamma Ray Burst studies with THESEUS
- Radiative Acceleration of Dense Circumstellar Material in Interacting Supernovae
- QPEs from EMRI Debris Streams Impacting Accretion Disks in Galactic Nuclei
- Electromagnetic Follow-up Observations of Binary Neutron Star Mergers with Early Warnings from Decihertz Gravitational-wave Observatories
- Jet-environment interplay in magnetized binary neutron star mergers
- Monte-Carlo simulations of fast Newtonian and mildly relativistic shock breakout from a stellar wind
- State-of-the-Art Collapsar Jet Simulations Imply Undetectable Subphotospheric Neutrinos
- Simulating the shock dynamics of a neutron star accretion column
- Constraining Low-luminosity Gamma-Ray Bursts as Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Ray Sources Using GRB 060218 as a Proxy
- Monte-Carlo simulations of relativistic radiation mediated shocks: II. photon starved regime
- Plasma kinetic effects in relativistic radiation mediated shocks
- A first-principle simulation of blast wave emergence at the photosphere of a neutron star merger
- An efficient method for fitting radiation-mediated shocks to gamma-ray burst data: The Kompaneets RMS approximation
- Observational characteristics of radiation-mediated shocks in photospheric gamma-ray burst emission
- The role of plasma instabilities in relativistic radiation mediated shocks: stability analysis and particle-in-cell simulations
- Subphotospheric emission from short gamma-ray bursts: Protons mold the multi-messenger signals
- The Impact of Shocks on the Vertical Structure of Eccentric Disks
- Observational Properties of Thermal Emission from Relativistic Jets Embedded in AGN Disks
- Probing gamma-ray bursts observed at very high energies through their afterglow
- Shock Breakout from Stellar Envelopes: The relativistic limit
- Modeling Hadronic Gamma-ray Emissions from Solar Flares and Prospects for Detecting Non-thermal Signatures from Protostars
- Spherical shocks in a steep density gradient of expanding media
- Magnetically driven coupling in relativistic radiation-mediated shocks
- Prospects for Observing Astrophysical Transients with GeV Neutrinos
- Gamma-ray signature of superluminous supernovae: Fermi-LAT GeV detection of SN 2017egm and evidence of a central engine
- Little Red Dots as Hidden Neutrino Sources
- Anomalous coupling in radiation mediated shocks}
- Electromagnetic emission from a black-to-white hole transition -- Photospheric emission
- Time-dependent photospheric radiative transfer in structured GRB jets: spectral evolution and polarization diagnostics
- Magnetized Shocks Mediated by Radiation from Leptonic and Hadronic Processes
- Radiation-mediated shocks in gamma-ray bursts: spectral evolution
- Modeling of the Gamma Ray Burst photospheric emission: Monte Carlo simulation of the GRB prompt emission, numerical results and discussion