Illuminating Gravitational Waves: A Concordant Picture of Photons from a Neutron Star Merger

Abstract

Merging neutron stars offer an exquisite laboratory for simultaneously studying strong-field gravity and matter in extreme environments. We establish the physical association of an electromagnetic counterpart EM170817 to gravitational waves (GW170817) detected from merging neutron stars. By synthesizing a panchromatic dataset, we demonstrate that merging neutron stars are a long-sought production site forging heavy elements by r-process nucleosynthesis. The weak gamma-rays seen in EM170817 are dissimilar to classical short gamma-ray bursts with ultra-relativistic jets. Instead, we suggest that breakout of a wide-angle, mildly-relativistic cocoon engulfing the jet elegantly explains the low-luminosity gamma-rays, the high-luminosity ultraviolet-optical-infrared and the delayed radio/X-ray emission. We posit that all merging neutron stars may lead to a wide-angle cocoon breakout; sometimes accompanied by a successful jet and sometimes a choked jet.

arXiv commentScience, in press DOI 10.1126/science.aap9455, 83 pages, 3 tables, 16 figures

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• Science with the Murchison Widefield Array: Phase I Results and Phase II Opportunities
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• Constraining short gamma-ray burst jet properties with gravitational waves and gamma rays
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• Exploring compact binary merger host galaxies and environments with $\mathrm{zELDA}$
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• Cosmography with next-generation gravitational wave detectors
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• Observational evidence for Extended Emission to GW170817
• Spectroscopic r-Process Abundance Retrieval for Kilonovae I: The Inferred Abundance Pattern of Early Emission from GW170817
• Swift J1644+57 as an off-axis Jet
• A strategy for LSST to unveil a population of kilonovae without gravitational-wave triggers
• A simultaneous search for prompt radio emission associated with the short GRB 170112A using the all-sky imaging capability of the OVRO-LWA
• The luminous and rapidly evolving SN 2018bcc: Clues toward the origin of Type Ibn SNe from the Zwicky Transient Facility
• Timing the r-Process Enrichment of the Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxy Reticulum II
• Population Properties of Gravitational-Wave Neutron Star--Black Hole Mergers
• Deep Hubble Space Telescope Observations of GW170817: Complete Light Curves and the Properties of the Galaxy Merger of NGC 4993
• Constraints from the Time Lag between Gravitational Waves and Gamma Rays: Implications of GW 170817 and GRB 170817A
• AT2018kzr: the merger of an oxygen-neon white dwarf and a neutron star or black hole
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• First Constraints on the Photon Coupling of Axion-like Particles from Multimessenger Studies of the Neutron Star Merger GW170817
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• Constraints on compact binary merger evolution from spin-orbit misalignment in gravitational-wave observations
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• A global numerical model of the prompt emission in short gamma-ray bursts
• GW190814 follow-up with the optical telescope MeerLICHT
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• Jet Launching from Merging Magnetized Binary Neutron Stars with Realistic Equations of State
• Collapsars as Sites of r-process Nucleosynthesis: Systematic Near-Infrared Follow-up of Type Ic-BL Supernovae
• A comprehensive search for the radio counterpart of GW190814 with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
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• The first five years of gravitational-wave astrophysics
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• AGILE Observations of the Gravitational-wave Source GW170817: Constraining Gamma-Ray Emission from a NS-NS Coalescence
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• Increasing the Accuracy of Binary Neutron Star Simulations with an improved Vacuum Treatment
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• Multi-messenger Gravitational Lensing
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• Radioactively-Powered Gamma-Ray Transient Associated with a Kilonova from Neutron Star Merger
• Afterglow light curves of the non-relativistic ejecta mass in a stratified circumstellar medium
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• Constraints on the dense matter equation of state and neutron star properties from NICER's mass-radius estimate of PSR J0740+6620 and multimessenger observations
• Target of Opportunity Observations Detectability of Kilonovae with WFST
• Radio Afterglows from Compact Binary Coalescences: Prospects for Next-Generation Telescopes
• Radio Forensics Could Unmask Nearby Off-axis Gamma-ray Bursts
• Simulating neutron star mergers with the Lagrangian Numerical Relativity code SPHINCS_BSSN
• Effects of nuclear matter properties in neutron star mergers
• Late-Time Afterglow from Double-Sided Structured Jets: Application to GRB 170817A
• Disk formation in the collapse of supramassive neutron stars
• The Panchromatic Afterglow of GW170817: The full uniform dataset, modeling, comparison with previous results and implications
• Optical follow-up observation for GW event S190510g using Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam
• Panning for gold, but finding helium: discovery of the ultra-stripped supernova SN2019wxt from gravitational-wave follow-up observations
• The AstroSat Mass Model: Imaging and Flux studies of off-axis sources with CZTI
• GECKO Optical Follow-up Observation of Three Binary Black Hole Merger Events: GW190408_181802, GW190412, and GW190503_185404
• An optical search for transients lasting a few seconds
• A multi-dimensional implementation of the Advanced Spectral neutrino Leakage scheme
• On short GRBs similar to GRB 170817A detected by Fermi GBM
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• How Special Is GRB 170817A?
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• Web application for galaxy-targeted follow-up of electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational wave sources
• Evidence for a compact stellar merger origin for GRB 230307A from Fermi-LAT and multi-wavelength afterglow observations
• GROWTH on S190426c II: GROWTH-India Telescope search for an optical counterpart with a custom image reduction and candidate vetting pipeline
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• Decoding Long-duration Gravitational Waves from Binary Neutron Stars with Machine Learning: Parameter Estimation and Equations of State
• LOFAR 144-MHz follow-up observations of GW170817
• Postmerger multimessenger analysis of binary neutron stars: Effect of the magnetic field strength and topology
• Optimal Optical Search Strategy for Finding Transient in Large Sky Error Region Under Realistic Constraints
• GRB 170817A Afterglow from a Relativistic Electron-Positron Pair Wind Observed Off-axis
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• Hydrodynamic mixing of accretion disk outflows in collapsars: implications for r-process signatures
• Neutron-capture elements in dwarf galaxies III: A homogenized analysis of 13 dwarf spheroidal and ultra-faint galaxies
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• Formation of GW230529 from Isolated Binary Evolution
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• Pulsar Glitch in a Strangeon Star Model. III. The recovery
• In search of short gamma-ray burst optical counterpart with the Zwicky Transient Facility
• Infrared dust echoes from neutron star mergers
• GRB 111209A/SN 2011kl: Collapse of a supramassive magnetar with r-mode oscillation and fall-back accretion onto a newborn black hole
• GRB 171205A: Hypernova and Newborn Neutron Star
• Late X-ray flares from the interaction of a reverse shock with a stratified ejecta in GRB afterglows: simulations on a moving mesh
• Secular Outflows from Long-Lived Neutron Star Merger Remnants
• GRB 080503: A very early blue kilonova and an adjacent non-thermal radiation component
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• The thermalization of $\gamma$-rays in radioactive expanding ejecta: A simple model and its application for Kilonovae and Ia SNe
• Observational prospects of double neutrons star mergers and their multi-messenger afterglows: LIGO discovery power, event rates and diversity
• GW170817 event rules out general relativity in favor of vector gravity
• On the energetics of a possible relativistic jet associated with the binary neutron star merger candidate S190425z
• Polarization of the first-hour macronovae
• Cooling off with a kilonova - Lower Limit on the Expansion Velocity of GW170817
• Prospects of Gravitational Wave Follow-up Through a Wide-field Ultra-violet Satellite: a Dorado Case Study
• Model-independent measurement of the absolute magnitude of Type Ia Supernovae with gravitational-wave sources
• The chemical imprint of the bursty nature of Milky Way's progenitors
• Inferring kilonova population properties with a hierarchical Bayesian framework I : Non-detection methodology and single-event analyses
• The collimation of relativistic jets in post-neutron star binary merger simulations
• Synthetic radio images of structured GRB and kilonova afterglows
• Gamma-rays from kilonovae and the cosmic gamma-ray background
• KilonovAE: Exploring Kilonova Spectral Features with Autoencoders
• Bayesian real-time classification of multi-messenger electromagnetic and gravitational-wave observations
• XKN: a Semi-analytic Framework for the Modelling of Kilonovae
• Impact of anisotropic ejecta on jet dynamics and afterglow emission in binary neutron-star mergers
• Results from the Pan-STARRS Search for Kilonovae: Contamination by Massive Stellar Outbursts
• Quasi-periodic oscillation in short gamma-ray bursts from black hole-neutron star mergers
• Follow-up survey for the binary black hole merger GW200224_222234 using Subaru/HSC and GTC/OSIRIS
• A rapidly declining transient discovered with Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam
• The peculiar physics of GRB 170817A and their implications for short GRBs
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• Search for radio remnants of nearby off-axis Gamma-Ray Bursts in a sample of Swift/BAT events
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• Foraging with MUSHROOMS: A Mixed-Integer Linear Programming Scheduler for Multimessenger Target of Opportunity Searches with the Zwicky Transient Facility
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• A magnetically driven origin for the low luminosity GRB 170817A associated with GW170817
• Kilonova Light-Curve Interpolation with Neural Networks
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• AT2019wxt: An ultra-stripped supernova candidate discovered in electromagnetic follow-up of a gravitational wave trigger
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• Target of Opportunity Observations of Gravitational Wave Events with LSST
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• Off-axis MeV and very-high-energy gamma-ray emissions from structured gamma-ray burst jets
• Multi-messengers from the radioactive decay of $r$-process nuclei
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• Anomalous coupling in radiation mediated shocks}
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