Illuminating Gravitational Waves: A Concordant Picture of Photons from a Neutron Star Merger

Abstract

Merging neutron stars offer an exquisite laboratory for simultaneously studying strong-field gravity and matter in extreme environments. We establish the physical association of an electromagnetic counterpart EM170817 to gravitational waves (GW170817) detected from merging neutron stars. By synthesizing a panchromatic dataset, we demonstrate that merging neutron stars are a long-sought production site forging heavy elements by r-process nucleosynthesis. The weak gamma-rays seen in EM170817 are dissimilar to classical short gamma-ray bursts with ultra-relativistic jets. Instead, we suggest that breakout of a wide-angle, mildly-relativistic cocoon engulfing the jet elegantly explains the low-luminosity gamma-rays, the high-luminosity ultraviolet-optical-infrared and the delayed radio/X-ray emission. We posit that all merging neutron stars may lead to a wide-angle cocoon breakout; sometimes accompanied by a successful jet and sometimes a choked jet.

Science, in press DOI 10.1126/science.aap9455, 83 pages, 3 tables, 16 figures

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• Light Travel Time Effects in Kilonova Models
• Eccentricity as a signature of hierarchical subsolar-mass mergers in collapsar disks
• A constraint on superheavy elements of the GRB-kilonova AT 2023vfi
• Anomalous coupling in radiation mediated shocks}
• Peak energy--Isotropic Luminosity Correlation and Jet Opening Angle Evolution in Swift-BAT Short GRBs with Soft Tail Emission
• High-energy Neutrinos from Stellar Explosions in Active Galactic Nuclei Accretion Disks
• Shapiro Delay Measurements from Fifteen Years of PSR J1231$-$1411 Radio Observations
• Ion-electron instabilities in the precursor of weakly magnetized, transrelativistic shocks
• The non-thermal emission following GW170817 is consistent with a conical radially-stratified outflow with initial Lorentz factor $\lesssim 10$
• General relativistic self-gravitating equilibrium disks around rotating neutron stars
• The Detection Prospect of the Counter Jet Radiation in the Late Afterglow of GRB 170817A
• Host galaxies and electromagnetic counterparts to binary neutron star mergers across the cosmic time: Detectability of GW170817-like events
• On the use of CHIME to Detect Long-Duration Radio Transients from Neutron Star Mergers
• Are Interactions with Neutron Star Merger Winds Shaping the Jets?
• Low-efficiency long gamma-ray bursts: A case study with AT2020blt
• A DESGW Search for the Electromagnetic Counterpart to the LIGO/Virgo Gravitational Wave Binary Neutron Star Merger Candidate S190510g
• Identifying Host Galaxies of Binary Black Hole Mergers with Next-Generation Gravitational Wave Detector Networks
• Novae breves from magnetar giant flares: Potential probes of neutron star crusts
• Las Cumbres Observatory Gravitational-Wave Follow-up in the Third and Fourth Observing Runs: Strengths and Weaknesses of a Rapid Response Galaxy Targeted Strategy
• Light curves and polarizations of gravitationally lensed kilonovae
• Gravitational Radiation from Accelerating Jets
• The impact of kilonova seed photons on GRB VHE emission
• A New Framework to Detect Multi-Messenger Signals from Bright Sporadic Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background
• GW170817 and GW190814: tension on the maximum mass
• Astrophysical or Terrestrial: Machine learning classification of gravitational-wave candidates using multiple-search information