450 Days of Type II SN 2013ej in Optical and Near-Infrared

Abstract

We present optical and near-infrared photometric and spectroscopic observations of SN 2013ej, in galaxy M74, from 1 to 450 days after the explosion. SN 2013ej is a hydrogen-rich supernova, classified as a Type IIL due to its relatively fast decline following the initial peak. It has a relatively high peak luminosity (absolute magnitude M$_\rm{V}$ = -17.6) but a small ${}^{56}$Ni production of ~0.023 M${}_{\odot }$. Its photospheric evolution is similar to other Type II SNe, with shallow absorption in the Hα profile typical for a Type IIL. During transition to the radioactive decay tail at ~100 days, we find the SN to grow bluer in B - V colour, in contrast to some other Type II supernovae. At late times, the bolometric light curve declined faster than expected from ${}^{56}$Co decay and we observed unusually broad and asymmetric nebular emission lines. Based on comparison of nebular emission lines most sensitive to the progenitor core mass, we find our observations are best matched to synthesized spectral models with a M$_\rm{ZAMS}$ = 12 - 15 M${}_{\odot }$ progenitor. The derived mass range is similar to but not higher than the mass estimated for Type IIP progenitors. This is against the idea that Type IIL are from more massive stars. Observations are consistent with the SN having a progenitor with a relatively low-mass envelope.

arXiv comment23 pages, 18 figures, submitted to MNRAS

References in corpus (68)

• Measuring Reddening with SDSS Stellar Spectra and Recalibrating SFD
• Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Final Maps and Results
• Binary interaction dominates the evolution of massive stars
• The Swift Ultra-Violet/Optical Telescope
• Progenitors of core-collapse supernovae
• X-shooter, the new wide band intermediate resolution spectrograph at the ESO Very Large Telescope
• Astrometry.net: Blind astrometric calibration of arbitrary astronomical images
• Nearby Supernova Rates from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search. II. The Observed Luminosity Functions and Fractions of Supernovae in a Complete Sample
• WISeREP - An Interactive Supernova Data Repository
• Nucleosynthesis and Remnants in Massive Stars of Solar Metallicity
• Observational constraints on the progenitors of core-collapse supernovae : the case for missing high mass stars
• Observed Fractions of Core-Collapse Supernova Types and Initial Masses of their Single and Binary Progenitor Stars
• Characterizing the V-band light-curves of hydrogen-rich type II supernovae
• The diversity of Type II supernova versus the similarity in their progenitors
• PESSTO : survey description and products from the first data release by the Public ESO Spectroscopic Survey of Transient Objects
• The Distance to SN 1999em in NGC 1637 from the Expanding Photosphere Method
• The Wide Field Spectrograph (WiFeS)
• SN 2005cs in M51 II. Complete Evolution in the Optical and the Near-Infrared
• The Wide Field Spectrograph (WiFeS): Performance and Data Reduction
• The early UV/Optical emission from core-collapse supernovae
• The progenitor mass of the Type IIP supernova SN 2004et from late-time spectral modeling
• Towards Characterization of the Type IIP Supernova Progenitor Population: a Statistical Sample of Light Curves from Pan-STARRS1
• Type II-Plateau supernova radiation: dependencies on progenitor and explosion properties
• Optical and Infrared Spectroscopy of the type IIn SN 1998S : Days 3-127
• Ultraviolet Light Curves of Supernovae with Swift Uvot
• The first month of evolution of the slow rising type II-P SN 2013ej in M74
• GRB060218: A Relativistic Supernova Shock Breakout
• Photometric and spectroscopic evolution of the type IIP supernova SN 2004et
• Nebular emission-line profiles of Type Ib/c Supernovae - probing the ejecta asphericity
• The nebular spectra of SN 2012aw and constraints on stellar nucleosynthesis from oxygen emission lines
• Optical and near infrared coverage of SN 2004et: physical parameters and comparison with other type IIP supernovae
• Caltech Core-Collapse Project (CCCP) Observations of Type II Supernovae: Evidence for Three Distinct Photometric Subtypes
• Extensive optical and near-infrared observations of the nearby, narrow-lined type Ic SN 2007gr: days 5 to 415
• PyWiFeS: A Rapid Data Reduction Pipeline for the Wide Field Spectrograph (WiFeS)
• SN 2006bp: Probing the Shock Breakout of a Type II-P Supernova
• A Study of the Type II-P Supernova 2003gd in M74
• Comparison of progenitor mass estimates for the type IIP SN 2012A
• PPAK Wide-field Integral Field Spectroscopy of NGC 628: II. Emission line abundance analysis
• Late Spectral Evolution of SN 1987A: II. Line Emission
• Determining the main-sequence mass of Type II supernova progenitors
• Detection of CO and Dust Emission in Near-Infrared Spectra of SN 1998S
• The Type IIb SN 2011dh - Two years of observations and modelling of the lightcurves
• Supernova 2013by: A Type IIL Supernova with a IIP-like light curve drop
• Optical and infrared observations of the Type IIP SN2002hh from day 3 to 397
• H-alpha Spectral diversity of type II supernovae
• Photospheric Magnitude Diagrams for Type II Supernovae: A Promising Tool to Compute Distances
• Shock Breakout and Early Light Curves of Type II-P Supernovae Observed with Kepler
• The Type IIP Supernova 2012aw in M95: hydrodynamical modelling of the photospheric phase from accurate spectrophotometric monitoring
• Sn 2008in - bridging the gap between normal and faint supernovae of type IIP
• The light curve of SN 1987A revisited: constraining production masses of radioactive nuclides
• A comparative study of Type II-P and II-L supernova rise times as exemplified by the case of LSQ13cuw
• Constraining the physical properties of Type II-P supernovae using nebular phase spectra
• Supersolar Ni/Fe production in the Type IIP SN 2012ec
• Spitzer measurements of atomic and molecular abundances in the Type IIP SN 2005af
• Early-time Spitzer observations of the type II-Plateau supernova, 2004dj
• On the progenitor of the Type IIP SN 2013ej in M74
• Extensive Spectroscopy and Photometry of the Type IIP Supernova 2013ej
• SN 2013ab : A normal type IIP supernova in NGC 5669
• Carbon Monoxide in the Type Ic SN 2000ew
• Unsupervised clustering of Type II supernova light curves
• Probing Final Stages of Stellar Evolution with X-Ray Observations of SN 2013ej
• Asymmetry of ${}^{56}$Ni ejecta and polarization in type IIP supernova 2004dj
• The Long-Lived UV "Plateau" of SN 2012aw
• Non-LTE time-dependent spectroscopic modelling of type II-plateau supernovae from the photospheric to the nebular phase: case study for 15 and 25Msun progenitor stars
• A supernova distance to the anchor galaxy NGC 4258
• Carbon Monoxide in type II supernovae
• Estimating the Explosion Time of Core-Collapse Supernovae from Their Optical Light Curves
• Broad band polarimetric investigation of Type IIP supernova 2013ej

Cited by in corpus (55)

• Illuminating Gravitational Waves: A Concordant Picture of Photons from a Neutron Star Merger
• Unifying Type II Supernova Light Curves with Dense Circumstellar Material
• Measuring the Progenitor Masses and Dense Circumstellar Material of Type II Supernovae
• A meta analysis of core-collapse supernova ${}^{56}$Ni masses
• The multi-faceted Type II-L supernova 2014G from pre-maximum to nebular phase
• On the photometric and spectroscopic diversity of Type II supernovae
• Asphericity, Interaction, and Dust in the Type II-P/II-L Supernova 2013ej in Messier 74
• SN 2018zd: An Unusual Stellar Explosion as Part of the Diverse Type II Supernova Landscape
• Spectrophotometric templates for core collapse supernovae and their application in simulations of time-domain surveys
• The resolved stellar populations around 12 Type IIP supernovae
• Radiative-transfer modeling of nebular-phase type II supernovae. Dependencies on progenitor and explosion properties
• Progenitors of low-luminosity Type II-Plateau supernovae
• Anomaly Detection in the Open Supernova Catalog
• The quiescent progenitors of four Type II-P/L supernovae
• The $\gamma$-ray deposition histories of core-collapse supernovae
• Comparison of the optical light curves of hydrogen-rich and hydrogen-poor type II supernovae
• A sequence of Type Ib, IIb, II-L, and II-P supernovae from binary-star progenitors of varying initial separation
• Stripped-envelope core-collapse supernova ${}^{56}$Ni masses: Persistently larger values than supernovae type II
• Three Core-Collapse Supernovae with Nebular Hydrogen Emission
• The Iron Yield of Normal Type II Supernovae
• Optical follow-up of gravitational wave events during the second advanced LIGO/VIRGO observing run with the DLT40 Survey
• Circumstellar Medium Interaction in SN 2018lab, A Low-Luminosity II-P Supernova observed with TESS
• Luminous type IIP SN 2013ej with high-velocity Ni-56 ejecta
• The morphing of decay powered to interaction powered Type II supernova ejecta at nebular times
• Luminosity distribution of Type II supernova progenitors
• The disappearances of six supernova progenitors
• Supernova lightCURVE POPulation Synthesis II: Validation against supernovae with an observed progenitor
• Type II Supernovae as Distance Indicators at Near-IR Wavelengths
• Supernova explosions interacting with aspherical circumstellar material: implications for light curves, spectral line profiles, and polarization
• SN 2017ivv: two years of evolution of a transitional Type II supernova
• The Transition of a Type IIL Supernova into a Supernova Remnant: Late-time Observations of SN 2013by
• Evidence for multiple origins of fast declining Type II supernovae from spectropolarimetry of SN 2013ej and SN 2017ahn
• Modelling type IIP/IIL supernovae interacting with recent episodic mass ejections from their presupernova stars with MESA & SNEC
• Carbon monoxide formation and cooling in supernovae
• Observational signature of circumstellar interaction and ${}^{56}$Ni-mixing in the Type II Supernova 2016gfy
• Oxygen and calcium nebular emission line relationships in core-collapse supernovae and Ca-rich transients
• The Late Time Optical Evolution of Twelve Core-Collapse Supernovae: Detection of Normal Stellar Winds
• SPIRITS 16tn in NGC 3556: A heavily obscured and low-luminosity supernova at 8.8 Mpc
• SN 2016esw: a luminous Type II supernova observed within the first day after the explosion
• The nebular spectra of SN 2023ixf: A lower mass, partially stripped progenitor may be the result of binary interaction
• ASASSN-18am/SN 2018gk : An overluminous Type IIb supernova from a massive progenitor
• Core-collapse supernova subtypes in luminous infrared galaxies
• Asymmetries and Circumstellar Interaction in the Type II SN 2024bch
• Constraining early-time dust formation in core-collapse supernovae
• The Extremely Metal-Poor SN 2023ufx: A Local Analog to High-Redshift Type II Supernovae
• SN 2015an: a normal luminosity type II supernova with low expansion velocity at early phases
• What can Gaussian Processes really tell us about supernova lightcurves? Consequences for Type II(b) morphologies and genealogies
• SN 2016B a.k.a ASASSN-16ab: a transitional type II supernova
• Type IIP Supernova Progenitors II: Stellar Mass and Obscuration by the Dust in the Circumstellar Medium
• Theoretical X-ray light curves of young SNe II: the example of SN 2013ej
• The Type II-P Supernova 2019mhm and Constraints on Its Progenitor System
• Building spectral templates and reconstructing parameters for core collapse supernovae with CASTOR
• Evolution and Explosion of Massive Stars Leading to IIP-IIL SNe with MESA and SNEC
• A High-Velocity Scatterer Revealed in the Thinning Ejecta of a Type II Supernova
• Subluminous Type IIP SN 2024abfl as a Result of a Significantly Low-energy Fe-core Collapse