On the photometric and spectroscopic diversity of Type II supernovae

Abstract

Hydrogen-rich (type II) supernovae (SNe) exhibit considerable photometric and spectroscopic diversity. Extending previous work that focused exclusively on photometry, we simultaneously model the multi-band light curves and optical spectra of Type II SNe using RSG progenitors that are characterized by their H-rich envelope masses or the mass and extent of an enshrouding cocoon at the star's surface. Reducing the H-rich envelope mass yields faster declining light curves, a shorter duration of the photospheric phase, broader line profiles at early times, but only a modest boost in early-time optical brightness. Increasing the mass of the circumstellar material (CSM) is more effective at boosting the early-time brightness and producing a fast-declining light curve while leaving the duration of the photospheric phase intact. It also makes the optical color bluer, delays the onset of recombination, and can severely reduce the speed of the fastest ejecta material. The early ejecta interaction with CSM is conducive to producing featureless spectra at $10-20$ d and a weak or absent H$\alpha$ absorption during the recombination phase. The slow decliners SNe 1999em, 2012aw, and 2004et can be explained with a $1.2\times 10^{51}$ erg explosion in a compact ($\sim$600 R${}_{\odot }$) RSG star from a 15 M${}_{\odot }$ stellar evolution model. A small amount of CSM ($<0.2$ M${}_{\odot }$) improves the match to the SN photometry at times $<$ 10 d. With more extended RSG progenitors, one predicts lower ejecta kinetic energies, but the SN color stays blue for too long and the spectral line widths are too narrow. The fast decliners SNe 2013ej and 2014G may require $0.5-1.0$ M${}_{\odot }$ of CSM, although this depends on the CSM structure. A larger boost to the luminosity (as for fast decliners SNe 1979C or 1998S) requires interaction with a more spatially extended CSM, which might also be detached from the star.

Accepted for publication in A&A

References in corpus (32)

• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA)
• Nucleosynthesis and Remnants in Massive Stars of Solar Metallicity
• Observational constraints on the progenitors of core-collapse supernovae : the case for missing high mass stars
• Characterizing the V-band light-curves of hydrogen-rich type II supernovae
• Confined Dense Circumstellar Material Surrounding a Regular Type II Supernova: The Unique Flash-Spectroscopy Event of SN 2013fs
• SN 2005cs in M51 II. Complete Evolution in the Optical and the Near-Infrared
• Fallback and Black Hole Production in Massive Stars
• Unifying Type II Supernova Light Curves with Dense Circumstellar Material
• Towards Characterization of the Type IIP Supernova Progenitor Population: a Statistical Sample of Light Curves from Pan-STARRS1
• A non-spherical core in the explosion of supernova SN 2004dj
• Photometric and spectroscopic evolution of the type IIP supernova SN 2004et
• PTF11iqb: Cool supergiant mass loss that bridges the gap between Type IIn and normal supernovae
• Type II supernova spectral diversity I: Observations, sample characterization and spectral line evolution
• The Initial Masses of the Red Supergiant Progenitors to Type-II Supernovae
• An optimal hydrodynamic model for the normal Type IIP supernova 1999em
• Using Quantitative Spectroscopic Analysis to Determine the Properties and Distances of Type II-Plateau Supernovae: SNe 2005cs and 2006bp
• The impact of mass-loss on the evolution and pre-supernova properties of red supergiants
• Early-time spectra of supernovae and their precursor winds: the luminous blue variable/yellow hypergiant progenitor of SN 2013cu
• The Type IIP Supernova 2012aw in M95: hydrodynamical modelling of the photospheric phase from accurate spectrophotometric monitoring
• Asphericity, Interaction, and Dust in the Type II-P/II-L Supernova 2013ej in Messier 74
• Interacting supernovae from photoionization-confined shells around red supergiant stars
• Type II supernova spectral diversity II: Spectroscopic and photometric correlations
• Modelling Kepler Red Giants in Eclipsing Binaries:Calibrating the Mixing Length Parameter with Asteroseismology
• Type IIP Supernova SN 2004et: A Multi-Wavelength Study in X-Ray, Optical and Radio
• Type II-Plateau supernovae as metallicity probes of the Universe
• The difficulty of inferring progenitor masses from Type II-Plateau supernova light curves
• A study of the low-luminosity Type II-Plateau supernova 2008bk
• Progenitors of low-luminosity Type II-Plateau supernovae
• Asymmetry of ${}^{56}$Ni ejecta and polarization in type IIP supernova 2004dj
• The inhomogeneous sub-millimeter atmosphere of Betelgeuse
• Luminous type IIP SN 2013ej with high-velocity Ni-56 ejecta
• The distance, supernova rate and supernova progenitors of NGC 6946

Cited by in corpus (46)

• Final Moments I: Precursor Emission, Envelope Inflation, and Enhanced Mass loss Preceding the Luminous Type II Supernova 2020tlf
• A Diversity of Wave-driven Pre-supernova Outbursts
• Early Spectroscopy and Dense Circumstellar Medium Interaction in SN 2023ixf
• Modeling the signatures of interaction in Type II supernovae: UV emission, high-velocity features, broad-boxy profiles
• Luminous Type II Short-Plateau Supernovae 2006Y, 2006ai, and 2016egz: A Transitional Class from Stripped Massive Red Supergiants
• Type II supernovae from the Carnegie Supernova Project-I. II. Physical parameter distributions from hydrodynamical modelling
• The infancy of core-collapse supernova remnants
• Progenitors of early-time interacting supernovae
• The $\gamma$-ray deposition histories of core-collapse supernovae
• Type II supernovae from the Carnegie Supernova Project-I. III. Understanding SN II diversity through correlations between physical and observed properties
• Type II supernovae from the Carnegie Supernova Project-I. I. Bolometric light curves of 74 SNe II using uBgVriYJH photometry
• Wave-driven outbursts and variability of low-mass supernova progenitors
• Synthetic red supergiant explosion model grid for systematic characterization of Type II supernovae
• A sequence of Type Ib, IIb, II-L, and II-P supernovae from binary-star progenitors of varying initial separation
• Using spectral modeling to break light-curve degeneracies of type II supernovae interacting with circumstellar material
• No rungs attached: A distance-ladder free determination of the Hubble constant through type II supernova spectral modelling
• SNAPSHOT: Connections between Internal and Surface Properties of Massive Stars
• Luminous Type II supernovae for their low expansion velocities
• Early-Time Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and Optical Follow-up Observations of the Type IIP Supernova 2021yja
• SN 2022acko: the First Early Far-Ultraviolet Spectra of a Type IIP Supernova
• Broad-emission-line dominated hydrogen-rich luminous supernovae
• Inferencing Progenitor and Explosion Properties of Evolving Core-collapse Supernovae from Zwicky Transient Facility Light Curves
• Evidence for multiple origins of fast declining Type II supernovae from spectropolarimetry of SN 2013ej and SN 2017ahn
• Type II-P Supernova Progenitor Star Initial Masses and SN 2020jfo: Direct Detection, Light Curve Properties, Nebular Spectroscopy, and Local Environment
• Multiepoch VLT-FORS spectro-polarimetric observations of supernova 2012aw reveal an asymmetric explosion
• SN 2016gsd: An unusually luminous and linear type II supernova with high velocities
• The nebular spectra of SN 2023ixf: A lower mass, partially stripped progenitor may be the result of binary interaction
• Are stripped envelope supernovae really deficient in ${}^{56}$Ni?
• Prospects for Pre-supernova Neutrino Observation in Future Large Liquid-scintillator Detectors
• One Year of SN 2023ixf: Breaking Through the Degenerate Parameter Space in Light-Curve Models with Pulsating Progenitors
• SN 2024ggi: another year, another striking Type II supernova
• SN 2013ai: a link between hydrogen-rich and hydrogen-poor core-collapse supernovae
• Revisiting the Perseus Cluster I: Resolving the Si/S/Ar/Ca ratios by Stellar Convection
• The fast rise of the unusual Type IIL/IIb SN 2018ivc
• Parameters of the type-IIP supernova SN 2012aw
• Evolutionary models for the Very Massive Stars in the R136 cluster of 30 Doradus in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Explosions of pulsating red supergiants: a natural pathway for the diversity of Type II-P/L supernovae
• SN 2016iog: A fast declining Type II-L supernova with an ultra-faint tail, persistently interacting with circumstellar material
• Narrow absorption lines from intervening material in supernovae: III. Supernovae and their environments
• Between Plateaus and Slopes: A Data-Driven Exploration of Spectral Diversity Across Type IIP/L Supernovae
• Beyond the [OIII]$\lambda$4363 auroral line: [NeIII]$\lambda$3868 as a direct tracer of electron temperature
• A High-Velocity Scatterer Revealed in the Thinning Ejecta of a Type II Supernova
• SN 2021tsz: A luminous, short photospheric phase Type II supernova in a low-metallicity host
• Using CSST and ejecta-wind interaction in type II-P supernovae to constrain the wind-mass loss of red supergiant stars
• A global look into the world of interacting supernovae
• Signatures of anti-social mass-loss in the ordinary Type II SN 2024bch -- A non-interacting supernova with early high-ionisation features