A Diversity of Wave-driven Pre-supernova Outbursts

Abstract

Many core-collapse supernova progenitors show indications of enhanced pre-supernova (SN) mass loss and outbursts, some of which could be powered by wave energy transport within the progenitor star. Depending on the star's structure, convectively excited waves driven by late stage nuclear burning can carry substantial energy from the core to the envelope, where the wave energy is dissipated as heat. We examine the process of wave energy transport in single-star SNe progenitors with masses between $11-50M_{\odot }$. Using MESA stellar evolution simulations, we evolve stars until core collapse and calculate the wave power produced and transmitted to the stars' envelopes. These models improve upon prior efforts by incorporating a more realistic wave spectrum and non-linear damping effects, reducing our wave heating estimates by $\sim$ 1 order of magnitude compared to prior work. We find that waves excited during oxygen/neon burning typically transmit $10^{46-47}$ erg of energy at 0.1-10 years before core collapse in typical ($M<30M_{\odot }$) SN progenitors. High-mass progenitors can often transmit $\sim 10^{47-48}$ erg of energy during oxygen/neon burning, but this tends to occur later, at about 0.01-0.1 years before core collapse. Pre-SN outbursts may be most pronounced in low-mass SN progenitors ($M\lesssim 12M_{\odot }$) undergoing semi-degenerate neon ignition, and in high-mass progenitors ($M\gtrsim 30M_{\odot }$) exhibiting convective shell mergers.

arXiv commentAccepted to ApJ

References in corpus (57)

• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA)
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Giant Planets, Oscillations, Rotation, and Massive Stars
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Binaries, Pulsations, and Explosions
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Convective Boundaries, Element Diffusion, and Massive Star Explosions
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Pulsating Variable Stars, Rotation, Convective Boundaries, and Energy Conservation
• Wave-Driven Mass Loss in the Last Year of Stellar Evolution: Setting the Stage for the Most Luminous Core-Collapse Supernovae
• The Remarkable Deaths of 9 - 11 Solar Mass Stars
• Preparing for an Explosion: Hydrodynamic Instabilities and Turbulence in Presupernovae
• Flash Spectroscopy: Emission Lines from the Ionized Circumstellar Material around $<10$-Day-Old Type II Supernovae
• Precursors prior to Type IIn supernova explosions are common: precursor rates, properties, and correlations
• Pre-Supernova Outbursts via Wave Heating in Massive Stars I: Red Supergiants
• Towards Realistic Progenitors of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Setting the Stage for Circumstellar Interaction in Core-Collapse Supernovae II: Wave-Driven Mass Loss in Supernova Progenitors
• Unifying Type II Supernova Light Curves with Dense Circumstellar Material
• Ejection of the massive Hydrogen-rich envelope timed with the collapse of the stripped SN2014C
• Asteroseismology Can Reveal Strong Internal Magnetic Fields in Red Giant Stars
• The delay of shock breakout due to circumstellar material seen in most Type II Supernovae
• Supernovae from Red Supergiants with Extensive Mass Loss
• Explosion of red-supergiant stars: influence of the atmospheric structure on shock breakout and the early-time supernova radiation
• Active Carbon and Oxygen Shell Burning Hydrodynamics
• Turbulent Convection in Stellar Interiors. II. The Velocity Field
• Internal Gravity Wave Excitation by Turbulent Convection
• Pre-Supernova Outbursts via Wave Heating in Massive Stars II: Hydrogen-poor Stars
• Three-Dimensional Simulations of Massive Stars: I. Wave Generation and Propagation
• On internal wave breaking and tidal dissipation near the centre of a solar-type star
• Nonlinear Damping of Oscillations in Tidal-Capture Binaries
• Type IIP supernova light curves affected by the acceleration of red supergiant winds
• Large-Scale Mixing in a Violent Oxygen-Neon Shell Merger Prior to a Core-Collapse Supernova
• Evidence for Late-stage Eruptive Mass-loss in the Progenitor to SN2018gep, a Broad-lined Ic Supernova: Pre-explosion Emission and a Rapidly Rising Luminous Transient
• On the photometric and spectroscopic diversity of Type II supernovae
• Anelastic and Compressible Simulations of Stellar Oxygen Burning
• The Observational Signatures of Convectively Excited Internal Gravity Modes in Main Sequence Stars
• ZTF 18aaqeasu (SN 2018byg): A Massive Helium-shell Double Detonation on a Sub-Chandrasekhar Mass White Dwarf
• SN 2018zd: An Unusual Stellar Explosion as Part of the Diverse Type II Supernova Landscape
• SN2019dge: a Helium-rich Ultra-Stripped Envelope Supernova
• SN 2017ens: The Metamorphosis of a Luminous Broad-lined Type Ic Supernova into an SN IIn
• Stripped-envelope supernova SN 2004dk is now interacting with hydrogen-rich circumstellar material
• Supernova Progenitors, Their Variability, and the Type IIP Supernova ASASSN-16fq in M66
• The influence of late-stage nuclear burning on red supergiant supernova light curves
• Nonlinear Saturation of g-modes in Proto-Neutron Stars: Quieting the Acoustic Engine
• SN 2017dio: a type-Ic supernova exploding in a hydrogen-rich circumstellar medium
• Low-luminosity Type IIP Supernova 2016bkv with early-phase circumstellar interaction
• The quiescent progenitors of four Type II-P/L supernovae
• The Carnegie Supernova Project II. The shock wave revealed through the fog: The strongly interacting Type IIn SN 2013L
• Constraining massive star activities in the final years through properties of supernovae and their progenitors
• The energy flux spectrum of internal waves generated by turbulent convection
• Flash ionization signatures in the type Ibn supernova SN 2019uo
• SN2012ab: A Peculiar Type IIn Supernova with Aspherical Circumstellar Material
• Four (Super)luminous Supernovae from the First Months of the ZTF Survey
• Interaction of SN~Ib 2004dk with a Previously-Expelled Envelope
• LSQ13ddu: A rapidly-evolving stripped-envelope supernova with early circumstellar interaction signatures
• Modelling type IIP/IIL supernovae interacting with recent episodic mass ejections from their presupernova stars with MESA & SNEC
• The Type IIn Supernova 2010bt: The Explosion of a Star in Outburst
• On the Progenitor of the Type Ic Supernova 2012fh
• ASASSN-15no: The Supernova that plays hide-and-seek
• SNhunt151: an explosive event inside a dense cocoon
• Presupernova Structure of Massive Stars

Cited by in corpus (55)

• Final Moments I: Precursor Emission, Envelope Inflation, and Enhanced Mass loss Preceding the Luminous Type II Supernova 2020tlf
• Bright, months-long stellar outbursts announce the explosion of interaction-powered supernovae
• Theory and Diagnostics of Hot Star Mass Loss
• A Luminous Red Supergiant and Dusty Long-period Variable Progenitor for SN 2023ixf
• Shock Cooling and Possible Precursor Emission in the Early Light Curve of the Type II SN 2023ixf
• Luminous Type II Short-Plateau Supernovae 2006Y, 2006ai, and 2016egz: A Transitional Class from Stripped Massive Red Supergiants
• Far-Ultraviolet to Near-Infrared Observations of SN 2023ixf: A high energy explosion engulfed in complex circumstellar material
• The Early Phases of Supernova 2020pni: Shock-Ionization of the Nitrogen-Enriched Circumstellar Material
• On rapid binary mass transfer -- I. Physical model
• A transient radio source consistent with a merger-triggered core collapse supernova
• The role of jets in exploding supernovae and in shaping their remnants
• Luminous Late-time Radio Emission from Supernovae Detected by the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array Sky Survey (VLASS)
• Seven years of coordinated Chandra-NuSTAR observations of SN2014C unfold the extreme mass-loss history of its stellar progenitor
• Wave-driven outbursts and variability of low-mass supernova progenitors
• Wave-driven mass loss of stripped envelope massive stars: progenitor-dependence, mass ejection, and supernovae
• An environmental analysis of the Type Ib SN 2019yvr and the possible presence of an inflated binary companion
• Fast Blue Optical Transients due to Circumstellar Interaction and the Mysterious Supernova SN 2018gep
• Stellar winds and metal enrichment from fast-rotating Population III stars
• Partial Stellar Explosions -- Ejected Mass and Minimal Energy
• The broad-lined Type-Ic supernova SN 2022xxf with extraordinary two-humped light curves
• Mass-transferring binary stars as progenitors of interacting hydrogen-free supernovae
• Precursors of Supernovae from Mass Eruption: Prospects for Early Warning of Nearby Core-collapse Supernovae
• EP240414a: Off-axis View of a Jet-Cocoon System from an Expanded Progenitor Star
• Radiative Acceleration of Dense Circumstellar Material in Interacting Supernovae
• 3D Hydrodynamics of Pre-supernova Outbursts in Convective Red Supergiant Envelopes
• Radio Analysis of SN 2004C Reveals an Unusual CSM Density Profile as a Harbinger of Core Collapse
• Multiple Peaks and a Long Precursor in the Type IIn Supernova 2021qqp: An Energetic Explosion in a Complex Circumstellar Environment
• Eruption of the Envelope of Massive Stars by Energy Injection with Finite Duration
• SN 2019zrk, a bright SN 2009ip analog with a precursor
• SN 2020bio: A Double-peaked, H-poor Type IIb Supernova with Evidence of Circumstellar Interaction
• Searching for precursor activity of Type IIn Supernovae
• SN 2023ixf -- an average-energy explosion with circumstellar medium and a precursor
• Probing the Soft X-ray Properties and Multi-Wavelength Variability of SN2023ixf and its Progenitor
• Probing pre-supernova mass loss in double-peaked Type Ibc supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility
• Asymmetries and Circumstellar Interaction in the Type II SN 2024bch
• Inferring CSM Properties of Type II SNe Using a Magnitude-Limited ZTF Sample
• New constraints on the gamma-ray and high energy neutrino fluxes from the circumstellar interaction of SN 2023ixf
• Rapid binary mass transfer: Circumbinary outflows and angular momentum losses
• One Year of SN 2023ixf: Breaking Through the Degenerate Parameter Space in Light-Curve Models with Pulsating Progenitors
• Supernovae from stellar mergers and accretors of binary mass transfer: Implications for Type IIP, 1987A-like and interacting supernovae
• Pre-supernova outbursts by core magnetic activity
• Dynamics and observational signatures of core-collapse supernovae with central engines: hydrodynamics simulations with Monte Carlo post-processing
• Pre-explosion, explosion, and post-explosion jets in supernova SN 2019zrk
• The demographics of core-collapse supernovae. The role of binary evolution and CSM interaction
• Carbon from massive binary-stripped stars over cosmic time: effect of metallicity
• Towards Multi Energy Neutrino Astronomy: Diagnosing Enhanced Circumstellar Material around Stripped-Envelope Supernovae
• Hydrodynamic Modelling of Early Peaks in Type Ibc Supernovae with Circumstellar Interaction
• The Red and Yellow Hypergiants
• The hydrogen-free circumstellar interaction in the Type Ib supernova 2021efd: A clue to the mechanism of the helium-layer stripping
• Mass Ejection Driven by Sudden Energy Deposition in Stellar Envelopes
• Modeling the light curve of Type IIn-P SN 2005cl with red supergiant progenitors featuring pre-SN ourbursts
• Revisiting the Perseus Cluster II: Metallicity-Dependence of Massive Stars and Chemical Enrichment History
• Progenitor and Close-In Circumstellar Medium of Type II Supernova 2020fqv from High-Cadence Photometry and Ultra-Rapid UV Spectroscopy
• Supernovae in colliding-wind binaries: observational signatures in the first year
• Viscous and centrifugal instabilities of massive stars