Probing the Soft X-ray Properties and Multi-Wavelength Variability of SN2023ixf and its Progenitor

Abstract

We present a detailed analysis of nearly two decades of optical/UV and X-ray data to study the multi-wavelength pre-explosion properties and post-explosion X-ray properties of nearby SN2023ixf located in M101. We find no evidence of precursor activity in the optical to UV down to a luminosity of $\lesssim 7\times 10^4{\mathrm{L}}_{\odot }$, while X-ray observations covering nearly 18 years prior to explosion show no evidence of luminous precursor X-ray emission down to an absorbed 0.3 - 10.0 keV X-ray luminosity of $\sim 6\times 10^{36}$ erg s${}^{-1}$. Extensive Swift observations taken post-explosion did not detect soft X-ray emission from SN2023ixf within the first $\sim$3.3 days after first light, which suggests a mass-loss rate for the progenitor of $\lesssim 5\times 10^{-4}{\mathrm{M}}_{\odot }$ yr${}^{-1}$ or a radius of $\lesssim 4\times 10^{15}$ cm for the circumstellar material. Our analysis also suggests that if the progenitor underwent a mass-loss episode, this had to occur $>$ 0.5 - 1.5 years prior to explosion, consistent with previous estimates. Swift detected soft X-rays from SN2023ixf $\sim 4.25$ days after first light, and it rose to a peak luminosity of $\sim 10^{39}$ erg s${}^{-1}$ after 10 days and has maintained this luminosity for nearly 50 days post first light. This peak luminosity is lower than expected, given the evidence that SN2023ixf is interacting with dense material. However, this might be a natural consequence of an asymmetric circumstellar medium. X-ray spectra derived from merging all Swift observations over the first 50 days are best described by a two-component bremsstrahlung model consisting of a heavily absorbed and hotter component similar to that found using NuSTAR, and a less-absorbed, cooler component. We suggest that this soft component arises from cooling of the forward shock similar to that found in Type IIn SN2010jl.

arXiv comment21 pages, 13 figures, published in PASA

References in corpus (83)

• How Massive Single Stars End their Life
• HI4PI: A full-sky HI survey based on EBHIS and GASS
• A method for optimal image subtraction
• Progenitors of core-collapse supernovae
• ATLAS: A High-Cadence All-Sky Survey System
• Explosion Mechanisms of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Mass Loss: Its Effect on the Evolution and Fate of High-Mass Stars
• SN 2006gy: Discovery of the most luminous supernova ever recorded, powered by the death of an extremely massive star like Eta Carinae
• X-ray emission from star-forming galaxies - I. High-mass X-ray binaries
• The Expulsion of Stellar Envelopes in Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Observed Fractions of Core-Collapse Supernova Types and Initial Masses of their Single and Binary Progenitor Stars
• Perspectives on Core-Collapse Supernova Theory
• Wave-Driven Mass Loss in the Last Year of Stellar Evolution: Setting the Stage for the Most Luminous Core-Collapse Supernovae
• A Wolf-Rayet-like progenitor of supernova SN 2013cu from spectral observations of a wind
• Design and operation of the ATLAS Transient Science Server
• Circumstellar Emission from Type Ib and Ic Supernovae
• The Unprecedented 2012 Outburst of SN 2009ip: A Luminous Blue Variable Becomes a True Supernova
• Caltech Core-Collapse Project (CCCP) observations of type IIn supernovae: typical properties and implications for their progenitor stars
• The Progenitors of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Evidence for Asphericity in the Type IIn Supernova 1998S
• The ATLAS All-Sky Stellar Reference Catalog
• A Survey About Nothing: Monitoring a Million Supergiants for Failed Supernovae
• High Density Circumstellar Interaction in the Luminous Type IIn SN 2010jl: The first 1100 days
• Preparing for an Explosion: Hydrodynamic Instabilities and Turbulence in Presupernovae
• New physical insights about Tidal Disruption Events from a comprehensive observational inventory at X-ray wavelengths
• Precursors prior to Type IIn supernova explosions are common: precursor rates, properties, and correlations
• Pre-Supernova Outbursts via Wave Heating in Massive Stars I: Red Supergiants
• The Yellow Supergiant Progenitor of the Type II Supernova 2011dh in M51
• Setting the Stage for Circumstellar Interaction in Core-Collapse Supernovae II: Wave-Driven Mass Loss in Supernova Progenitors
• Carnegie Supernova Project: Observations of Type IIn supernovae
• A New Cepheid Distance to the Giant Spiral M101 Based On Image Subtraction of HST/ACS Observations
• Delay-time distribution of core-collapse supernovae with late events resulting from binary interaction
• Ejection of the massive Hydrogen-rich envelope timed with the collapse of the stripped SN2014C
• A new mass-loss rate prescription for red supergiants
• Spectral Evolution of the Extraordinary Type IIn Supernova 2006gy
• Formation rates of core collapse SNe and GRBs
• An Early Warning System for Asteroid Impact
• The Radio and X-ray Luminous SN 2003bg and the Circumstellar Density Variations Around Radio Supernovae
• The type IIb SN 2008ax: the nature of the progenitor
• The Type IIb Supernova 2013df and Its Cool Supergiant Progenitor
• X-ray, Optical, and Radio Observations of the Type II Supernovae 1999em and 1998S
• What are Published X-ray lightcurves telling us about Young Supernova Expansion?
• Possible binary progenitors for the type Ib supernova iPTF13bvn
• X-ray and radio emission from Type IIn supernova SN 2010jl
• Early Emission from the Type IIn Supernova 1998S at High Resolution
• Swift and Chandra Detections of Supernova 2006jc: Evidence for Interaction of the Supernova Shock with a Circumstellar Shell
• A Diversity of Wave-driven Pre-supernova Outbursts
• Radio and X-ray observations of SN 2006jd: Another strongly interacting Type IIn supernova
• Chandra Observations of the X-ray Environs of SN 1998bw/GRB 980425
• The Double-Peaked SN2013ge: a Type Ib/c SN with an Asymmetric Mass Ejection or an Extended Progenitor Envelope
• The evolution of Red Supergiants to supernova in the LMC cluster NGC 2100
• The X-ray and radio emission from SN 2002ap: The importance of Compton scattering
• Multi-Wavelength Properties of the Type IIb SN 2008ax
• Superluminous X-rays from a superluminous supernova
• Reconciling the infrared catastrophe and observations of SN 2011fe
• Type IIP Supernova SN 2004et: A Multi-Wavelength Study in X-Ray, Optical and Radio
• X-rays from the explosion site: Fifteen years of light curves of SN 1993J
• The Metallicity Dependence of the Minimum Mass for Core-Collapse Supernovae
• On Luminous Blue Variables as the Progenitors of Core-Collapse Supernovae, especially Type IIn Supernovae
• Supernova Progenitors, Their Variability, and the Type IIP Supernova ASASSN-16fq in M66
• X-Ray, UV, and Optical Observations of Supernova 2006bp with Swift: Detection of Early X-Ray Emission
• Origins of Type Ibn SNe 2006jc/2015G in interacting binaries and implications for pre-SN eruptions
• Circumstellar interaction in supernovae in dense environments - an observational perspective
• The Physics of Flash (Supernova) Spectroscopy
• Progenitors of early-time interacting supernovae
• PTF 13efv - An outburst 500 days prior to the SNHunt 275 explosion and its radiative efficiency
• Optical to X-ray Signatures of Dense Circumstellar Interaction in Core-Collapse Supernovae
• X-Ray and Radio Emission from the Luminous Supernova 2005kd
• Discovery of X-Ray Emission from Supernova 1970G with Chandra: Filling the Void between Supernovae and Supernova Remnants
• Recent X-Ray Observations of SN1986J with ASCA and ROSAT
• SN 2005ip: A Luminous Type IIn Supernova Emerging from a Dense Circumstellar Medium as Revealed by X-Ray Observations
• Fermi-LAT Observations of Supernova Remnant Kesteven 79
• Supernova Precursor Emission and the Origin of Pre-Explosion Stellar Mass-Loss
• A Chandra ACIS Observation of the X-ray Luminous SN1988Z
• Two Distinct-Absorption X-Ray Components from Type IIn Supernovae: Evidence for Asphericity in the Circumstellar Medium
• Supernova 2014C: ongoing interaction with extended circumstellar material with silicate dust
• SNaX - A Database of Supernova X-ray Lightcurves
• Seven Years of SN 2014C: a Multi-Wavelength Synthesis of an Extraordinary Supernova
• Chandra's tryst with SN 1995N
• Testing Accuracy and Precision of Existing Photometry Algorithms on Moving Targets
• On the Progenitor of the Type Ic Supernova 2012fh
• The luminous Type IIN supernova SN 2017hcc: Infrared bright, X-ray and radio faint
• The Late Time Optical Evolution of Twelve Core-Collapse Supernovae: Detection of Normal Stellar Winds

Cited by in corpus (4)

• Search for gravitational waves emitted from SN 2023ixf
• The Immediate, Exemplary, and Fleeting echelle spectroscopy of SN 2023ixf: Monitoring acceleration of slow progenitor circumstellar material, driven by shock interaction
• One Year of SN 2023ixf: Breaking Through the Degenerate Parameter Space in Light-Curve Models with Pulsating Progenitors
• XSNAP: An X-ray Supernova Analysis Pipeline with Application to the Type II Supernova 2024ggi