The difficulty of inferring progenitor masses from Type II-Plateau supernova light curves

Abstract

Much controversy surrounds the inferred progenitor masses of Type II-Plateau (II-P) supernovae (SNe). The debate is nourished by the discrepant results from radiation-hydrodynamics simulations, from pre-explosion imaging, and from studies of host stellar populations. Here, we present a controlled experiment using four solar metallicity models with zero-age main-sequence masses of 12, 15, 20, and 25Msun. Because of the effects of core burning and surface mass loss, these models reach core collapse as red-supergiant (RSG) stars with a similar H-rich envelope mass of 8 to 9Msun but with final masses in the range 11 to 16Msun. We explode the progenitors using a thermal bomb, adjusting the energy deposition to yield an asymptotic ejecta kinetic energy of 1.25 x 10^51 erg and an initial 56Ni mass of 0.04Msun. The resulting SNe produce similar photometric and spectroscopic properties from 10 to 200d. The spectral characteristics are degenerate. The scatter in early-time color results from the range in progenitor radii, while the differences in late-time spectra reflect the larger oxygen yields in more massive progenitors. Because the progenitors have a comparable H-rich envelope mass, the photospheric phase duration is comparable for all models; the difference in He-core mass is invisible. As different main-sequence masses can produce progenitors with a similar H-rich envelope mass, light curve modeling cannot provide a robust and unique solution for the ejecta mass of Type II-P SNe. The numerous uncertainties in massive star evolution and wind mass loss also prevent a robust association with a main-sequence star mass. Light curve modeling can at best propose compatibility.

Accepted for publication in A&A

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