A Comparison of Explosion Energies for Simulated and Observed Core-Collapse Supernovae

Abstract

There are now $\sim$20 multi-dimensional core-collapse supernova (CCSN) simulations that explode. However, these simulations have explosion energies that are a few times $10^{50}$ erg, not $10^{51}$ erg. In this manuscript, we compare the inferred explosion energies of these simulations and observations of 38 SN~IIP. Assuming a log-normal distribution, the mean explosion energy for the observations is ${\mu }_{\mathrm{obs}}=-0.13\pm 0.05$ (${\log }_{10}(E/10^{51}\mathrm{erg})$) and the width is ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{obs}}=0.21_{-0.04}^{+0.05}$. Only three CCSN codes have sufficient simulations to compare with observations: CHIMERA, CoCoNuT-FMT, and FORNAX. Currently, FORNAX has the largest sample of simulations. The two-dimensional FORNAX simulations show a correlation between explosion energy and progenitor mass, ranging from linear to quadratic, $E_{\mathrm{sim}}\propto M^{1-2}$; this correlation is consistent with inferences from observations. In addition, we infer the ratio of the observed-to-simulated explosion energies, $\Delta ={\log }_{10}(E_{\mathrm{obs}}/E_{\mathrm{sim}})$. For the CHIMERA set, $\Delta =0.33\pm 0.06$; for CoCoNuT-FMT, $\Delta =0.62\pm 0.05$; for FORNAX2D, $\Delta =0.73\pm 0.05$, and for FORNAX3D, $\Delta =0.95\pm 0.06$. On average, the simulations are less energetic than inferred energies from observations ($\Delta \approx 0.7$), but we also note that the variation among the simulations (max($\Delta$)-min($\Delta$) $\approx 0.6$) is as large as this average offset. This suggests that further improvements to the simulations could resolve the discrepancy. Furthermore, both the simulations and the observations are heavily biased. In this preliminary comparison, we model these biases, but to more reliably compare the explosion energies, we recommend strategies to un-bias both the simulations and observations.

arXiv comment12 pages, 8 figures

References in corpus (46)

• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• Core-Collapse Supernovae from 9 to 120 Solar Masses Based on Neutrino-powered Explosions
• Core-collapse supernova equations of state based on neutron star observations
• Nucleosynthesis and Remnants in Massive Stars of Solar Metallicity
• On the Nature of Core Collapse Supernova Explosions
• Inside the Supernova: A Powerful Convective Engine
• Observational constraints on the progenitors of core-collapse supernovae : the case for missing high mass stars
• Observed Fractions of Core-Collapse Supernova Types and Initial Masses of their Single and Binary Progenitor Stars
• Type II Supernovae: Model Light Curves and Standard Candle Relationships
• Three-dimensional core-collapse supernova simulated using a 15 $M_{\odot }$ progenitor
• Supernova Simulations from a 3D Progenitor Model -- Impact of Perturbations and Evolution of Explosion Properties
• Neutrino-driven explosion of a 20 solar-mass star in three dimensions enabled by strange-quark contributions to neutrino-nucleon scattering
• Type II Supernovae as Standardized Candles
• Is Strong SASI Activity the Key to Successful Neutrino-Driven Supernova Explosions?
• Three-Dimensional Simulations of Neutrino-Driven Core-Collapse Supernovae from Low-Mass Single and Binary Star Progenitors
• Neutrino-driven supernova of a low-mass iron-core progenitor boosted by three-dimensional turbulent convection
• Criteria for Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions by the Neutrino Mechanism
• The isotropic diffusion source approximation for supernova neutrino transport
• Axisymmetric Ab Initio Core-Collapse Supernova Simulations of 12-25 M_sol Stars
• The Development of Explosions in Axisymmetric Ab Initio Core-Collapse Supernova Simulations of 12-25 $M_{\odot }$ Stars
• A Successful 3D Core-Collapse Supernova Explosion Model
• The Initial Masses of the Red Supergiant Progenitors to Type-II Supernovae
• General Relativistic Three-Dimensional Multi-Group Neutrino Radiation-Hydrodynamics Simulations of Core-Collapse Supernovae
• The Dynamics of Neutrino-Driven Supernova Explosions after Shock Revival in 2D and 3D
• Three-Dimensional Supernova Explosion Simulations of 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, and 13-M${}_{\odot }$ Stars
• The Progenitor Dependence of Three-Dimensional Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Systematic Features of Axisymmetric Neutrino-Driven Core-Collapse Supernova Models in Multiple Progenitors
• Progenitor-dependent Explosion Dynamics in Self-consistent, Axisymmetric Simulations of Neutrino-driven Core-collapse Supernovae
• Electron-Capture and Low-Mass Iron-Core-Collapse Supernovae: New Neutrino-Radiation-Hydrodynamics Simulations
• Crucial Physical Dependencies of the Core-Collapse Supernova Mechanism
• A New Multi-Energy Neutrino Radiation-Hydrodynamics Code in Full General Relativity and Its Application to Gravitational Collapse of Massive Stars
• On The Intrinsic Diversity of Type II-Plateau Supernovae
• The luminosities of cool supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds, and the Humphreys-Davidson limit revisited
• Two Dimensional Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions Aided by General Relativity with Multidimensional Neutrino Transport
• The Nickel Mass Distribution of Normal Type II Supernovae
• The First Second of a Type-II Supernova: Convection, Accretion, and Shock Propagation
• Revival of the Fittest: Exploding Core-Collapse Supernovae from 12 to 25 M${}_{\odot }$
• Inferring Explosion Properties from Type II-Plateau Supernova Light Curves
• How Turbulence Enables Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions
• Modeling core collapse supernovae in 2 and 3 dimensions with spectral neutrino transport
• The difficulty of inferring progenitor masses from Type II-Plateau supernova light curves
• Constraints for the Progenitor Masses of Historic Core-Collapse Supernovae
• An Emerging Coherent Picture of Red Supergiant Supernova Explosions
• 2D and 3D Core-Collapse Supernovae Simulation Results Obtained with the CHIMERA Code
• Progenitor Mass Distribution for Core-Collapse Supernova Remnants in M31 and M33
• Does energy of type IIP supernovae depends on stellar mass?

Cited by in corpus (12)

• Hydrodynamics of core-collapse supernovae and their progenitors
• Self-consistent 3D Supernova Models From -7 Minutes to +7 Seconds: a 1-bethe Explosion of a ~19 Solar-mass Progenitor
• The impact of fallback on the compact remnants and chemical yields of core-collapse supernovae
• Magnetic support for neutrino-driven explosion of 3D non-rotating core-collapse supernova models
• 3D Simulations of Strongly Magnetised Non-Rotating Supernovae: Explosion Dynamics and Remnant Properties
• Connecting the Light Curves of Type IIP Supernovae to the Properties of their Progenitors
• A Massive Star's Dying Breaths: Pulsating Red Supergiants and Their Resulting Type IIP Supernovae
• Monotonicity of the cores of massive stars
• Impact of neutrino pair-production rates in Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Low-Energy Supernovae Bounds on Sterile Neutrinos
• Possible indications for jittering jets in core collapse supernova explosion simulations
• Explosion Energies for Core-collapse Supernovae I: Analytic, Spherically Symmetric Solutions