Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: detection of a blue kilonova

Abstract

With the first direct detection of merging black holes in 2015, the era of gravitational wave (GW) astrophysics began. A complete picture of compact object mergers, however, requires the detection of an electromagnetic (EM) counterpart. We report ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray observations by Swift and the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray (NuSTAR) of the EM counterpart of the binary neutron star merger GW170817. The bright, rapidly fading ultraviolet emission indicates a high mass ($\approx 0.03$ solar masses) wind-driven outflow with moderate electron fraction ($Y_e\approx 0.27$). Combined with the X-ray limits, we favor an observer viewing angle of $\approx 30^{\circ }$ away from the orbital rotation axis, which avoids both obscuration from the heaviest elements in the orbital plane and a direct view of any ultra-relativistic, highly collimated ejecta (a gamma-ray burst afterglow).

arXiv commentScience, in press; 56 pages, 12 figures

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• Mitigating the binary viewing angle bias for standard sirens
• Multi-messenger astronomy with INTEGRAL
• Optimal Optical Search Strategy for Finding Transient in Large Sky Error Region Under Realistic Constraints
• An optimised gravitational wave follow-up strategy with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
• J-GEM optical and near-infrared follow-up of gravitational wave events during LIGO's and Virgo's third observing run
• Swift/UVOT: 18 Years of Long GRB Discoveries and Advances
• In search of short gamma-ray burst optical counterpart with the Zwicky Transient Facility
• Model-independent measurement of the absolute magnitude of Type Ia Supernovae with gravitational-wave sources
• Polarization of the first-hour macronovae
• Multi-Peaked Non-Thermal Light Curves from Magnetar-Powered Gamma-Ray Bursts
• Impact of jets on kilonova photometric and polarimetric emission from binary neutron star mergers
• Prospects of Gravitational Wave Follow-up Through a Wide-field Ultra-violet Satellite: a Dorado Case Study
• Swift Multiwavelength Follow-up of LVC S200224ca and the Implications for Binary Black Hole Mergers
• Inferring kilonova population properties with a hierarchical Bayesian framework I : Non-detection methodology and single-event analyses
• XKN: a Semi-analytic Framework for the Modelling of Kilonovae
• Results from the Pan-STARRS Search for Kilonovae: Contamination by Massive Stellar Outbursts
• Synthetic radio images of structured GRB and kilonova afterglows
• A rapidly declining transient discovered with Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam
• KilonovAE: Exploring Kilonova Spectral Features with Autoencoders
• Gamma-rays from kilonovae and the cosmic gamma-ray background
• Swift X-ray Follow-Up Observations of Gravitational Wave and High-Energy Neutrino Coincident Signals
• Impact of anisotropic ejecta on jet dynamics and afterglow emission in binary neutron-star mergers
• Follow-up survey for the binary black hole merger GW200224_222234 using Subaru/HSC and GTC/OSIRIS
• Foraging with MUSHROOMS: A Mixed-Integer Linear Programming Scheduler for Multimessenger Target of Opportunity Searches with the Zwicky Transient Facility
• Photospheric velocity evolution of SN 2020bvc: signature of $r$-process nucleosynthesis from a collapsar
• Helium features are inconsistent with the spectral evolution of the kilonova AT2017gfo
• Prospects for detecting neutron star-white dwarf mergers with decihertz gravitational-wave observatories
• Nonthermal afterglow of the binary neutron star merger GW170817: a more natural modeling of electron energy distribution leads to a qualitatively different new solution
• Prompt emission from the counter jet of a short gamma-ray burst
• Kilonova emission from black hole-neutron star mergers: observational signatures of anisotropic mass ejection
• Early soft X-ray to UV emission from double neutron star mergers: implications from the long-term radio and X-ray emissions of GW 170817
• The Lagrangian Numerical Relativity code SPHINCS_BSSN_v1.0
• Kilonova Light-Curve Interpolation with Neural Networks
• Spin-polarized $\beta$-stable neutron star matter: the nuclear symmetry energy and GW170817 constraint
• Estimating Hubble Constant with Gravitational Observations: A Concise Review
• Simulating Kilonovae in the ΛCDM Universe
• Optimal Gravitational-wave Follow-up Tiling Strategies Using a Genetic Algorithm
• A Pulsar Wind Nebula Model Applied to Short GRB 050724
• AT2019wxt: An ultra-stripped supernova candidate discovered in electromagnetic follow-up of a gravitational wave trigger
• FIRST J1419+3940 as the First Observed Radio Flare from a Neutron Star Merger
• 2D End-to-End Modeling of Kilonovae from Binary Neutron Star Merger Remnants
• Properties of jet and surrounding material of GW/GRB~170817A
• Modeling the fast optical transient SN 2019bkc/ATLAS19dqr with a central engine and implication for its origin
• The Possible Electromagnetic Counterparts of the First High-Probability NSBH Merger LIGO/Virgo S190814bv
• Compact binary merger and kilonova: outflows from remnant disc
• Neutron Star Merger Remnants: Braking Indices, Gravitational Waves, and the Equation Of State
• Shock acceleration of electrons and synchrotron emission from the dynamical ejecta of neutron star mergers
• Multi-messenger standard-siren cosmology for third-generation gravitational-wave detectors: forecasts considering observations of gamma-ray bursts and kilonovae
• Interpolated kilonova spectra models: necessity for a phenomenological, blue component in the fitting of AT2017gfo spectra
• WINTER on S250206dm: A near-infrared search for an electromagnetic counterpart to a gravitational-wave event
• Magnetic Field Strength Effects on Nucleosynthesis from Neutron Star Merger Outflows
• The Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO): prototype performance and prospects for transient science
• Binary Neutron Star (BNS) merger: What we learned from relativistic ejecta of GW/GRB~170817A
• Learning Transient Universe in Near-Ultraviolet By Wide-angle Cameras
• Electromagnetic Follow-up to Gravitational Wave Events with the UltraViolet EXplorer (UVEX)
• Optimized Radio Follow Up of Binary Neutron-Star Mergers
• Multi-Messenger Astrophysics with THESEUS in the 2030s
• Studying newborn neutron stars by the transient emission after stellar collapses and compact binary mergers
• Features and prospects for kilonova remnant detection with current and future surveys
• Equation of State of Decompressed Quark Matter, and Observational Signatures of Quark-Star Mergers
• Modelling the chemical evolution of the Milky Way
• Enhancing gravitational-wave host localization with SKYFAST: rapid volume and inclination angle reconstruction
• Constraining the ejecta for the nonthermal emission from GW170817
• Shared Properties of Merger-driven Long-duration Gamma-Ray Bursts
• A constraint on superheavy elements of the GRB-kilonova AT 2023vfi
• Light Travel Time Effects in Kilonova Models
• Prospects for Observing and Localizing Gravitational-Wave Transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA
• The CUBES Science Case
• Gamma-ray bursts at extremely small fluence
• Does a long-lived remnant neutron star exist after short gamma-ray burst GRB 160821B?
• The Detection Prospect of the Counter Jet Radiation in the Late Afterglow of GRB 170817A
• Transport coefficients of dense nucleon matter at low temperature
• Near Ultraviolet Transient Explorer (NUTEx): A CubeSat-Based NUV Imaging Payload for Transient Sky Surveys
• On the use of CHIME to Detect Long-Duration Radio Transients from Neutron Star Mergers
• Gamma-radiation sky maps from compact binaries
• Identifying Host Galaxies of Binary Black Hole Mergers with Next-Generation Gravitational Wave Detector Networks
• Early Warning From Eccentric Compact Binaries: Template Initialization And Sub-dominant Mode Effects
• Are Interactions with Neutron Star Merger Winds Shaping the Jets?
• Extract non-Gaussian Features in Gravitational Wave Observation Data Using Self-Supervised Learning
• A DESGW Search for the Electromagnetic Counterpart to the LIGO/Virgo Gravitational Wave Binary Neutron Star Merger Candidate S190510g
• Similar Fermi-GBM sGRBs to GW/sGRB 170817A in MeV-GeV energies
• Light curves and polarizations of gravitationally lensed kilonovae
• Novae breves from magnetar giant flares: Potential probes of neutron star crusts
• Las Cumbres Observatory Gravitational-Wave Follow-up in the Third and Fourth Observing Runs: Strengths and Weaknesses of a Rapid Response Galaxy Targeted Strategy