The Emergence of a Lanthanide-Rich Kilonova Following the Merger of Two Neutron Stars

Abstract

We report the discovery and monitoring of the near-infrared counterpart (AT2017gfo) of a binary neutron-star merger event detected as a gravitational wave source by Advanced LIGO/Virgo (GW170817) and as a short gamma-ray burst by Fermi/GBM and Integral/SPI-ACS (GRB170817A). The evolution of the transient light is consistent with predictions for the behaviour of a "kilonova/macronova", powered by the radioactive decay of massive neutron-rich nuclides created via r-process nucleosynthesis in the neutron-star ejecta. In particular, evidence for this scenario is found from broad features seen in Hubble Space Telescope infrared spectroscopy, similar to those predicted for lanthanide dominated ejecta, and the much slower evolution in the near-infrared Ks-band compared to the optical. This indicates that the late-time light is dominated by high-opacity lanthanide-rich ejecta, suggesting nucleosynthesis to the 3rd r-process peak (atomic masses A~195). This discovery confirms that neutron-star mergers produce kilo-/macronovae and that they are at least a major - if not the dominant - site of rapid neutron capture nucleosynthesis in the universe.

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• Radio afterglows of binary neutron star mergers: a population study for current and future gravitational wave observing runs
• Astrophysical Implications of Neutron Star Inspiral and Coalescence
• AGILE Observations of the Gravitational-wave Source GW170817: Constraining Gamma-Ray Emission from a NS-NS Coalescence
• Polarized kilonovae from black hole-neutron star mergers
• Relativistic envelopes and gamma-rays from neutron star mergers
• Pulsar revival in neutron star mergers: multi-messenger prospects for the discovery of pre-merger coherent radio emission
• Presto-Color: A Photometric Survey Cadence for Explosive Physics & Fast Transients
• The Rate of Short-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Local Universe
• Long-Term Simulations of Dynamical Ejecta: Homologous Expansion and Kilonova Properties
• A Measurement of the Hubble Constant using Gravitational Waves from the Binary Merger GW190814
• Production of Heavy Elements During the Explosion of a Low-Mass Neutron Star in a Close Binary
• Mass Measurements of Neutron-Rich Gallium Isotopes Refine Production of Nuclei of the First r-Process Abundance Peak in Neutron Star Merger Calculations
• A Systematic Exploration of Kilonova Candidates from Neutron Star Mergers During the Third Gravitational Wave Observing Run
• Modelling Populations of Kilonovae
• A Joint Fermi-GBM and LIGO/Virgo Analysis of Compact Binary Mergers From the First and Second Gravitational-wave Observing Runs
• PS15cey and PS17cke: prospective candidates from the Pan-STARRS Search for Kilonovae
• GW170817: implications for the local kilonova rate and for surveys from ground-based facilities
• Abundances and Depletions of Neutron-Capture Elements in the Interstellar Medium
• A short gamma-ray burst from a proto-magnetar remnant
• The reliability of the low-latency estimation of binary neutron star chirp mass
• Measuring the Hubble constant with kilonovae using the Expanding Photosphere Method
• Interpolating Detailed Simulations of Kilonovae: Adaptive Learning and Parameter Inference Applications
• Investigating a population of infrared-bright gamma-ray burst host galaxies
• The Transient High-Energy Sky and Early Universe Surveyor (THESEUS)
• On the Binary-Neutron-Star Post-Merger Magnetar Origin of XRT 210423
• Chemical Evolution of Ytterbium in the Galactic Disk
• Reconstructing Masses of Merging Neutron Stars from Stellar $R$-Process Abundance Signatures
• Decoding the compositions of four bright $r$-process-enhanced stars
• $r$-process nucleosynthesis in the early Universe through fast mergers of compact binaries in triple systems
• Superheavy Elements in Kilonovae
• Prospects for kilonova signals in the gravitational-wave era
• Free Neutron Ejection From Shock Breakout in Binary Neutron Star Mergers
• Constraining Delay Time Distribution of Binary Neutron Star Mergers from Host Galaxy Properties
• Localization of Compact Binary Sources with Second Generation Gravitational-wave Interferometer Networks
• Background-Limited Imaging in the Near-Infrared with Warm InGaAs Sensors: Applications for Time-Domain Astronomy
• Fallback Accretion Model for the Years-to-Decades X-ray Counterpart to GW170817
• Kilonova and Optical Afterglow from Binary Neutron Star Mergers. II. Optimal Search Strategy for Serendipitous Observations and Target-of-opportunity Observations of Gravitational-wave Triggers
• Fallback Accretion Halted by R-process Heating in Neutron Star Mergers and Gamma-Ray Bursts
• A Globular Cluster Luminosity Function Distance to NGC 4993 Hosting a Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817/GRB 170817A
• Can Kilonova Light curves be Standardized?
• Emergence hour-by-hour of $r$-process features in the kilonova AT2017gfo
• Exploring laser-driven neutron sources for neutron capture cascades and the production of neutron-rich isotopes
• Measuring the Hubble constant with coalescences of binary neutron star and neutron star-black hole: bright sirens \& dark sirens
• Jet Structure in the Afterglow Phase for Gamma-ray Bursts with a Precessing Jet
• The Palomar Transient Factory Sky2Night programme
• KilonovaNet: Surrogate Models of Kilonova Spectra with Conditional Variational Autoencoders
• Surrogate light curve models for kilonovae with comprehensive wind ejecta outflows and parameter estimation for AT2017gfo
• Modeling kilonova afterglows: Effects of the thermal electron population and interaction with GRB outflows
• Transient Survey Rates for Orphan Afterglows from Compact Merger Jets
• Equation of state of nuclear matter and neutron stars: Quark mean-field model versus relativistic mean-field model
• On GW170817 and the Galactic Binary Neutron Star Population
• Afterglow light curves of the non-relativistic ejecta mass in a stratified circumstellar medium
• Constraints on the dense matter equation of state and neutron star properties from NICER's mass-radius estimate of PSR J0740+6620 and multimessenger observations
• Targeted modeling of GW150914's binary black hole source with dart_board
• TiDES: The 4MOST Time Domain Extragalactic Survey
• Radio Afterglows from Compact Binary Coalescences: Prospects for Next-Generation Telescopes
• Simulating neutron star mergers with the Lagrangian Numerical Relativity code SPHINCS_BSSN
• Target of Opportunity Observations Detectability of Kilonovae with WFST
• Radioactively-Powered Gamma-Ray Transient Associated with a Kilonova from Neutron Star Merger
• Optical follow-up observation for GW event S190510g using Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam
• HAFFET: Hybrid Analytic Flux FittEr for Transients
• Panning for gold, but finding helium: discovery of the ultra-stripped supernova SN2019wxt from gravitational-wave follow-up observations
• Assessment of a new sub-grid model for magneto-hydrodynamical turbulence. I. Magnetorotational instability
• Disk formation in the collapse of supramassive neutron stars
• GECKO Optical Follow-up Observation of Three Binary Black Hole Merger Events: GW190408_181802, GW190412, and GW190503_185404
• Reanalysis of neutron-capture elements in the benchmark r-rich star CS 31082-001
• Effects of nuclear matter properties in neutron star mergers
• The Panchromatic Afterglow of GW170817: The full uniform dataset, modeling, comparison with previous results and implications
• Observational implications of lowering the LIGO-Virgo alert threshold
• No slip gravity in light of LISA standard sirens
• Cerium features in kilonova near-infrared spectra: implication from a chemically peculiar star
• Short duration gamma-ray bursts and their outflows in light of GW170817
• Actinide signatures in low electron fraction kilonova ejecta
• A multi-dimensional implementation of the Advanced Spectral neutrino Leakage scheme
• Kinematic constraints on the ages and kick velocities of Galactic neutron star binaries
• GRB Optical and X-ray Plateau Properties Classifier Using Unsupervised Machine Learning
• The luminosity functions of kilonovae from binary neutron star mergers under different equation of states
• First Electromagnetic Pulse Associated with a Gravitational-Wave Event: Profile, Duration, and Delay
• Web application for galaxy-targeted follow-up of electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational wave sources
• How Special Is GRB 170817A?
• On the delay times of merging double neutron stars
• On the Role of Muons in Binary Neutron Star Mergers: First Simulations
• Cautionary tales on heating-rate prescriptions in kilonovae
• Optimal Optical Search Strategy for Finding Transient in Large Sky Error Region Under Realistic Constraints
• Slow Neutron-Capture Process: Low-mass AGB stars and presolar silicon carbide grains
• GRB 111005A at Z = 0.0133 and the Prospect of Establishing Long-short GRB/GW Association
• In search of short gamma-ray burst optical counterpart with the Zwicky Transient Facility
• Element formation in radiation-hydrodynamics simulations of kilonovae
• Polarization of the first-hour macronovae
• Cooling off with a kilonova - Lower Limit on the Expansion Velocity of GW170817
• SAGUARO: Time-domain Infrastructure for the Fourth Gravitational-wave Observing Run and Beyond
• Impact of jets on kilonova photometric and polarimetric emission from binary neutron star mergers
• XKN: a Semi-analytic Framework for the Modelling of Kilonovae
• Kilonova evolution -- the rapid emergence of spectral features
• Gamma-rays from kilonovae and the cosmic gamma-ray background
• Inferring kilonova population properties with a hierarchical Bayesian framework I : Non-detection methodology and single-event analyses
• Synthetic radio images of structured GRB and kilonova afterglows
• Very High Energy Afterglow of Structured Jets: GW 170817 and Prospects for Future Detections
• Nuclear-Physics Multi-Messenger Astrophysics Constraints on the Neutron-Star Equation of State: Adding NICER's PSR J0740+6620 Measurement
• Results from the Pan-STARRS Search for Kilonovae: Contamination by Massive Stellar Outbursts
• KilonovAE: Exploring Kilonova Spectral Features with Autoencoders
• Gravitational Wave Searches for Post-Merger Remnants of GW170817 and GW190425
• Follow-up survey for the binary black hole merger GW200224_222234 using Subaru/HSC and GTC/OSIRIS
• Bayesian real-time classification of multi-messenger electromagnetic and gravitational-wave observations
• Prompt emission from the counter jet of a short gamma-ray burst
• Nonlinear Alfvén-wave Dynamics and Premerger Emission from Crustal Oscillations in Neutron Star Mergers
• Nonthermal afterglow of the binary neutron star merger GW170817: a more natural modeling of electron energy distribution leads to a qualitatively different new solution
• The missing link in gravitational-wave astronomy: A summary of discoveries waiting in the decihertz range
• Photospheric velocity evolution of SN 2020bvc: signature of $r$-process nucleosynthesis from a collapsar
• Effects of vertical advection on multimessenger signatures of black hole neutrino-dominated accretion flows in compact binary coalescences
• Simulating Kilonovae in the ΛCDM Universe
• Discovery of a pair of very metal-poor stars enriched in neutron-capture elements: The proto-disk r-II star BPS CS 29529-0089 and the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus r-I star TYC 9219-2422-1
• Kilonova Light-Curve Interpolation with Neural Networks
• Exploring Gamma-Ray Burst Diversity: Clustering analysis of emission characteristics of Fermi and BATSE detected GRBs
• Estimating Hubble Constant with Gravitational Observations: A Concise Review
• Kilonova emission from black hole-neutron star mergers: observational signatures of anisotropic mass ejection
• Neutron transfer reactions on the ground state and isomeric state of a 130Sn beam
• Capitalizing on Nuclear Data Libraries' Comprehensiveness to Obtain Solar System r-process Abundances
• AT2019wxt: An ultra-stripped supernova candidate discovered in electromagnetic follow-up of a gravitational wave trigger
• 2D End-to-End Modeling of Kilonovae from Binary Neutron Star Merger Remnants
• A search for kilonova radio flares in a sample of Swift/BAT short GRBs
• Taming systematics in distance and inclination measurements with gravitational waves: role of the detector network and higher-order modes
• Where has all the $r$-process gone? Timescales for GRB-Kilonovae to Enrich their Host Galaxies
• Detection of short high-energy transients in the localuniverse with SVOM/ECLAIRs
• Interpolated kilonova spectra models: necessity for a phenomenological, blue component in the fitting of AT2017gfo spectra
• An unusual transient following the short GRB 071227
• Multi-messenger standard-siren cosmology for third-generation gravitational-wave detectors: forecasts considering observations of gamma-ray bursts and kilonovae
• WINTER on S250206dm: A near-infrared search for an electromagnetic counterpart to a gravitational-wave event
• Testing the weak equivalence principle with the binary neutron star merger GW170817: the gravitational contribution of the host galaxy
• An Analytic Description of Electron Thermalization in Kilonovae Ejecta
• Shock acceleration of electrons and synchrotron emission from the dynamical ejecta of neutron star mergers
• R-process Nucleosynthesis of Subminimal Neutron Star Explosions
• GRB Afterglow of the Sub-relativistic Materials with Energy Injection
• Magnetic Field Strength Effects on Nucleosynthesis from Neutron Star Merger Outflows
• Modeling the fast optical transient SN 2019bkc/ATLAS19dqr with a central engine and implication for its origin
• Repeated Bursts: Gravitational Waves from Highly Eccentric Binaries
• Nuclear ${\beta }^{-}$-decay with statistical de-excitation
• Kilonova-Targeting Lightcurve Classification for Wide Field Survey Telescope
• Long Journey toward the Detection of Gravitational Waves and New Era of Gravitational Wave Astrophysics
• Double neutron star formation via consecutive type II supernova explosions
• Optimized Radio Follow Up of Binary Neutron-Star Mergers
• The Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO): prototype performance and prospects for transient science
• Plasma Instabilities Dominate Radioactive Transients Magnetic Fields: The self-confinement of leptons in Type Ia and Core-Collapse Supernovae, and Kilonovae
• Modelling the chemical evolution of the Milky Way
• El-CID: A filter for Gravitational-wave Electromagnetic Counterpart Identification
• Discovery and Analysis of Afterglows from Poorly Localised GRBs with the Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO) All-sky Survey
• Light Travel Time Effects in Kilonova Models
• Studying newborn neutron stars by the transient emission after stellar collapses and compact binary mergers
• Equation of State of Decompressed Quark Matter, and Observational Signatures of Quark-Star Mergers
• A Broad Grid of 2D Kilonova Emission Models
• Joint Inference of Population, Cosmology, and Neutron Star Equation of State from Gravitational Waves of Dark Binary Neutron Stars
• Illuminating the Mass Gap Through Deep Optical Constraint on a Neutron Star Merger Candidate S250206dm
• Does a long-lived remnant neutron star exist after short gamma-ray burst GRB 160821B?
• FRIB and the GW170817 Kilonova
• Kilonova and progenitor properties of merger-driven gamma-ray bursts
• A 4.5-s Quasiperiodic Spectral Oscillation in GRB 230307A: Evidence for Free Precession of a Post-Merger Magnetar?
• The Influence of a Shock on the Nucleosynthesis Developing during the Explosion of a Low-Mass Neutron Star
• Characterization of Gravitational Waves Signals Using Neural Networks
• Gamma-ray bursts at extremely small fluence
• Inferring kilonova ejecta photospheric properties from early blackbody spectra
• 3D Localization of FRB 20190425A for Its Potential Host Galaxy and Implications
• Kilonova Light Curve Parameter Estimation Using Likelihood-Free Inference
• Kilohertz Gravitational Waves from Binary Neutron Star Mergers: Full Spectrum Analyses and High-density Constraints on Neutron Star Matter
• The CUBES Science Case
• A New Search Pipeline for Short Gamma Ray Bursts in Fermi/GBM Data -- A 50% Increase in the Number of Detections
• Prospects for Observing and Localizing Gravitational-Wave Transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA
• Mergers of binary neutron star systems: a multi-messenger revolution
• Are Interactions with Neutron Star Merger Winds Shaping the Jets?
• Incorporating a radiative hydrodynamics scheme in the numerical-relativity code BAM
• Neutron-Capture Element Abundances in Planetary Nebulae
• Toward a Unified Understanding of the Dense Matter Equation of State
• The most distant optically polarised GRB afterglow: GRB 240419A at z = 5.178
• Similar Fermi-GBM sGRBs to GW/sGRB 170817A in MeV-GeV energies
• Optimising the observation of optical kilonovae with medium size telescopes
• Host galaxies and electromagnetic counterparts to binary neutron star mergers across the cosmic time: Detectability of GW170817-like events
• Identifying Host Galaxies of Binary Black Hole Mergers with Next-Generation Gravitational Wave Detector Networks
• Light curves and polarizations of gravitationally lensed kilonovae
• GOTO identification and broadband modelling of the counterpart to the SVOM GRB 250818B
• Gamma-ray Bursts
• Novae breves from magnetar giant flares: Potential probes of neutron star crusts
• On the use of CHIME to Detect Long-Duration Radio Transients from Neutron Star Mergers
• Resolving the fastest ejecta from binary Neutron Star mergers: implications for electromagnetic counterparts
• GRB 160410A: the first Chemical Study of the Interstellar Medium of a Short GRB
• Las Cumbres Observatory Gravitational-Wave Follow-up in the Third and Fourth Observing Runs: Strengths and Weaknesses of a Rapid Response Galaxy Targeted Strategy