The Missing Link in Gravitational-Wave Astronomy: Discoveries waiting in the decihertz range

Abstract

The gravitational-wave astronomical revolution began in 2015 with LIGO's observation of the coalescence of two stellar-mass black holes. Over the coming decades, ground-based detectors like LIGO will extend their reach, discovering thousands of stellar-mass binaries. In the 2030s, the space-based LISA will enable gravitational-wave observations of the massive black holes in galactic centres. Between LISA and ground-based observatories lies the unexplored decihertz gravitational-wave frequency band. Here, we propose a Decihertz Observatory to cover this band, and complement observations made by other gravitational-wave observatories. The decihertz band is uniquely suited to observation of intermediate-mass ($\sim 10^2$-$10^4{M}_{\odot }$) black holes, which may form the missing link between stellar-mass and massive black holes, offering a unique opportunity to measure their properties. Decihertz observations will be able to detect stellar-mass binaries days to years before they merge and are observed by ground-based detectors, providing early warning of nearby binary neutron star mergers, and enabling measurements of the eccentricity of binary black holes, providing revealing insights into their formation. Observing decihertz gravitational-waves also opens the possibility of testing fundamental physics in a new laboratory, permitting unique tests of general relativity and the Standard Model of particle physics. Overall, a Decihertz Observatory will answer key questions about how black holes form and evolve across cosmic time, open new avenues for multimessenger astronomy, and advance our understanding of gravitation, particle physics and cosmology.

arXiv comment52 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables. Submitted to Classical & Quantum Gravity. Based upon a white paper for ESA's Voyage 2050 on behalf of the LISA Consortium 2050 Task Force

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• Probing general relativistic spin-orbit coupling with gravitational waves from hierarchical triple systems
• Multiband gravitational wave observations of stellar binary black holes at the low to middle and high frequencies
• Astrometric Gravitational-Wave Detection via Stellar Interferometry
• Opportunities and limits of lunar gravitational-wave detection
• Signatures of dark and baryonic structures on weakly lensed gravitational waves
• Towards a Consistent Calculation of the Lunar Response to Gravitational Waves
• Simultaneous bounds on the gravitational dipole radiation and varying gravitational constant from compact binary inspirals
• Constraining the evolution of Newton's constant with slow inspirals observed from spaceborne gravitational-wave detectors
• Uncovering a hidden black hole binary from secular eccentricity variations of a tertiary star
• Hunting intermediate-mass black holes with LISA binary radial velocity measurements
• Survey of gravitational wave memory in intermediate mass ratio binaries
• Probe for Type Ia supernova progenitor in decihertz gravitational wave astronomy
• Intermediate-mass black hole binary parameter estimation with next-generation ground-based detector networks
• Realistic Detection and Early Warning of Binary Neutron Stars with Decihertz Gravitational-wave Observatories
• Quantum gravity phenomenology at the dawn of the multi-messenger era -- A review
• MOCCA-SURVEY Database -- I. Tidal disruption events of white dwarfs in globular clusters and young massive clusters
• Decihertz gravitational waves from double white dwarf merger remnants
• Dark-siren Cosmology with Decihertz Gravitational-wave Detectors
• Importance of eccentricities in parameter estimation of compact binary inspirals with decihertz gravitational-wave detectors
• Gravitational Wave Measurement in the Mid-Band with Atom Interferometers
• High-precision source characterization of intermediate mass-ratio black hole coalescences with gravitational waves: The importance of higher-order multipoles
• Constraining the stochastic gravitational wave background using the future lunar seismometers
• Neutron Stars in the Effective Fly-By Framework: $f$-Mode Re-summation
• Fundamental Physics and Cosmology with TianQin
• Core Noise Requirements, and GW Sensitivities of AMIGO
• Prospects for detecting neutron star-white dwarf mergers with decihertz gravitational-wave observatories
• On Dark Gravitational Wave Standard Sirens as Cosmological Inference and Forecasting the Constraint on Hubble Constant using Binary Black Holes Detected by Deci-hertz Observatory
• Traces of a Heavy Field in Gravitational Waves
• Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• Lensing of gravitational waves from tidal disruption events
• Imprints of massive black-hole binaries on neighbouring decihertz gravitational-wave sources
• Fast and accurate parameter estimation of high-redshift sources with the Einstein Telescope
• Detection Landscape in the Deci-Hertz Gravitational-Wave Spectrum
• Probing intermediate-mass black hole binaries with the Lunar Gravitational-wave Antenna
• A prototype differential atom interferometer for fundamental physics
• Cold Atoms in Space: Community Workshop Summary and Proposed Road-Map
• Quantum sensors with matter waves for GW observation
• A multi-parameter expansion for the evolution of asymmetric binaries in astrophysical environments
• Gravitational wave inference of star cluster properties from intermediate-mass black hole mergers
• Space-based Gravitational Wave Observatories
• Outer Solar System spacecraft to probe the $\mu$Hz gravitational wave frontier
• Updated predictions for gravitational wave emission from TDEs for next generation observatories
• Assessing the performance of future space-based detectors: Astrophysical foregrounds and individual sources
• The new generation lunar gravitational wave detectors: sky map resolution and joint analysis
• Direct N-body simulations of rotating and extremely massive Population III star clusters
• Initial acquisition requirements for optical cavities in the space gravitational wave antennae DECIGO and B-DECIGO
• Observation of polarized stochastic gravitational-wave background in pulsar-timing-array experiments
• Detecting White Dwarf Binary Mergers with Gravitational Waves