Gravitational Radiation from First-Order Phase Transitions

Abstract

We consider the stochastic background of gravity waves produced by first-order cosmological phase transitions from two types of sources: colliding bubbles and hydrodynamic turbulence. First we discuss the fluid mechanics of relativistic spherical combustion. We then numerically collide many bubbles expanding at a velocity $v$ and calculate the resulting spectrum of gravitational radiation in the linearized gravity approximation. Our results are expressed as simple functions of the mean bubble separation, the bubble expansion velocity, the latent heat, and the efficiency of converting latent heat to kinetic energy of the bubble walls. We also estimate the gravity waves produced by a Kolmogoroff spectrum of turbulence and find that the characteristic amplitude of gravity waves produced is comparable to that from bubble collisions. Finally, we apply these results to the electroweak transition. Using the one-loop effective potential for the minimal electroweak model, the characteristic amplitude of gravity waves produced is $h\simeq 1.5\times 10^{-27}$ at a characteristic frequency of $4.1\times 10^{-3}\mathrm{Hz}$ corresponding to $\Omega \sim 10^{-22}$ in gravity waves, far too small for detection. Gravity waves from more strongly first-order phase transitions, including the electroweak transition in non-minimal models, have better prospects for detection, though probably not by LIGO.

(25 pages and 9 figures as one uuencoded PostScript file), IASSNS-HEP-93/44, FNAL-Pub-235-A

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• Analog vacuum decay from vacuum initial conditions
• Gravitational waves from holographic QCD phase transition with gluon condensate
• CDF II $W$-mass anomaly faces first-order electroweak phase transition
• Gravity Waves as a Probe of Hubble Expansion Rate During An Electroweak Scale Phase Transition
• A first order dark $SU(2{)}_D$ phase transition with vector dark matter in the light of NANOGrav 12.5 yr data
• Effects of a Pre-inflationary de Sitter Bounce on the Primordial Gravitational Waves in $f(R)$ Gravity Theories
• Gravitational waves and dark matter from classical scale invariance
• Electroweak Phase Transition with a Double Well Done Doubly Well
• "Stairway to Heaven" -- Spectroscopy of Particle Couplings with Gravitational Waves
• Energy budget of cosmological first-order phase transition in FLRW background
• Gravitational-wave signatures from reheating
• The turbulent stress spectrum in the inertial and subinertial ranges
• Simulating relic gravitational waves from inflationary magnetogenesis
• PhaseTracer2: from the effective potential to gravitational waves
• Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Limits and Relic Gravitational Waves Detection Prospects
• Hydrodynamics of ultra-relativistic bubble walls
• Asymmetric dark matter with a spontaneously broken $U(1{)}^{\prime }$: self-interaction and gravitational waves
• Vector dark matter in supercooled Higgs portal models
• Effects of QCD Equation of State on the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background
• The hydrodynamics of inverse phase transitions
• Naturally small neutrino mass with asymptotic safety and gravitational-wave signatures
• $F(R)$ gravity in the early Universe: Electroweak phase transition and chameleon mechanism
• Minimal length, maximal momentum and stochastic gravitational waves spectrum generated from cosmological QCD phase transition
• Bubbletrons: Ultrahigh-Energy Particle Collisions and Heavy Dark Matter at Phase Transitions
• Bubble wall dynamics from nonequilibrium quantum field theory
• Electroweak and Left-Right Phase Transitions in $SO(5)\times U(1)\times SU(3)$ Gauge-Higgs Unification
• Gravitational waves as a probe of SUSY scale
• The Muon Smasher's Guide
• Constraining the Gravitational-Wave Spectrum from Cosmological First-Order Phase Transitions Using Data from LIGO-Virgo First Three Observing Runs
• First-order phase transitions in Twin Higgs models
• Limiting Majoron self-interactions from Gravitational waves experiments
• Gravitational Waves From Dark Sectors, Oscillating Inflatons, and Mass Boosted Dark Matter
• Gravitational waves from first-order phase transitions: from weak to strong
• Impact of SM parameters and of the vacua of the Higgs potential in gravitational waves detection
• Discerning Singlet and Triplet scalars at the electroweak phase transition and Gravitational Wave
• FIMP dark matter mediated by massive gauge boson around the phase transition period and the gravitational waves production
• Gravitational waves in neutrino plasma and NANOGrav signal
• Gravitational waves from $\mathrm{SU}($$N$$)/Sp($$N$$)$ composite Higgs models
• On Particle Production from Phase Transition Bubbles
• Primordial Black Holes and Induced Gravitational Waves from a Smooth Crossover beyond Standard Model
• Gravitational Waves from Incomplete Inflationary Phase Transitions
• Hydrodynamic effects on the filtered dark matter produced by a first-order phase transition
• Strongly Magnetized Hot QCD Matter and Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background
• Fast Likelihood-free Reconstruction of Gravitational Wave Backgrounds
• Probing new physics with multi-vacua quantum tunnelings beyond standard model through gravitational waves
• Effects of thermal fluctuations on thermal inflation
• Model-independent features of gravitational waves from bubble collisions
• Quantum gravity phenomenology at the dawn of the multi-messenger era -- A review
• Time-crystal ground state and production of gravitational waves from QCD phase transition
• The rise of the primordial tensor spectrum from an early scalar-tensor epoch
• Dilution of dark matter relic density in singlet extension models
• Testing Unification and Dark Matter with Gravitational Waves
• Gravitational wave effects and phenomenology of a two-component dark matter model
• Bubble wall velocity and gravitational wave in the minimal left-right symmetric model
• Gravitational waves induced by spinor fields
• Impact of first-order phase transitions on dark matter production in the scotogenic model
• Low frequency tail of gravitational wave spectra from hydromagnetic turbulence
• Primordial Clocks within Stochastic Gravitational Wave Anisotropies
• Generalized uncertainty principle and stochastic gravitational wave background spectrum
• Bubble nucleation and gravitational wave from holography
• Langevin description of gauged scalar fields in a thermal bath
• A phase of confined electroweak force in the early Universe
• Unveiling the cosmological QCD phase transition through the eLISA/NGO detector
• Gravitational waves and primordial black holes from chirality imbalanced QCD first-order phase transition with $\mathcal{P}$ and $\mathcal{C}\mathcal{P}$ violation
• Probing CP violating Higgs sectors via the precision measurement of coupling constants
• Prospecting bipartite Dark Matter through Gravitational Waves
• Sub-GeV dark matter and nano-Hertz gravitational waves from a classically conformal dark sector
• Cosmological Constraints on the Very Low Frequency Gravitational-Wave Background
• Asymmetric Dark Matter from Gravitational Waves
• Gravitational effects on fluid dynamics in cosmological first-order phase transitions
• Measuring the maximally allowed polarization states of the isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background with the ground-based detectors
• Update on gravitational wave signals from post-inflationary phase transitions
• Relic gravitational waves
• Gravitational Waves from the Cosmological Quark-Hadron Phase Transition Revisited
• Thin and thick bubble walls I: vacuum phase transitions
• Transition rate and gravitational wave spectrum from first-order QCD phase transitions
• Maximal GW amplitude from bubble collisions in supercooled phase transitions
• Instability of bubble expansion at zero temperature
• Gravitational Waves of GUT Phase Transition during Inflation
• Left-Right Symmetry Breaking and Gravitational Waves : A Tale of Two Phase Transitions
• Baryogenesis and gravitational waves in the Zee-Babu Model
• The missing link in gravitational-wave astronomy: A summary of discoveries waiting in the decihertz range
• Upper limit on first-order electroweak phase transition strength
• An Analytical Study of the Primordial Gravitational-Wave-Induced Contribution to the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
• Non-thermal production of heavy vector dark matter from relativistic bubble walls
• Phase Transitions and Gravitational Waves in a Model of ${\mathbb{Z}}_3$ Scalar Dark Matter
• Bubble Trouble: a Review on Electroweak Baryogenesis
• Gravitational waves and monopoles dark matter from first-order phase transition
• Electroweak Phase Transition in an Inert Complex Triplet Model
• Magnetic fields in a hot dense neutrino plasma and the Gravitational Waves
• Gravitational waves from first-order electroweak phase transition in a model with light sgoldstinos
• Deconfinement Transition Effects on Cosmological Parameters and Primordial Gravitational Wave Spectrum
• Cosmology and the Early Universe
• Gravitational Wave Signatures of Gauged Baryon and Lepton Number
• Dark Matter Spike surrounding Supermassive Black Holes Binary and the Nanohertz Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background
• Gravitational-Wave Signatures of Chiral-Symmetric Technicolor
• Alternative LISA-TAIJI networks: Detectability of the Parity Violation in Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background
• Memory of a Random Walk: Astrometric deflections from gravitational wave memory accumulation over cosmological scales
• Phase transition in multi-scalar-singlet extensions of the Standard Model
• QCD Axion Strings or Seeds?
• Bubble-wall speed with loop corrections
• Cosmological Magnetic Fields from Primordial Kerr-Newman Black Holes
• Improving the detection sensitivity to primordial stochastic gravitational waves with reduced astrophysical foregrounds. II. Subthreshold binary neutron stars
• Bubble wall correlations in cosmological phase transitions
• Gravitational waves from the vacuum decay with LISA
• Gravitational wave signatures of first-order phase transition in two-component dark matter model
• Gravitational waves from the phase transition in the B-LSSM
• Dark Matter Is The New BBN
• Study of entropy production due to electroweak phase transition in $Z_2$ symmetric extension of the Standard Model
• Imprints of Early Universe on Gravitational Waves from First-Order Phase Transition in QCD
• Electroweak phase transition in the presence of hypermagnetic field and the generation of gravitational waves
• Probing WIMPs in space-based gravitational wave experiments
• Primordial scalar gravitational waves produced at the QCD phase transition due to the trace anomaly
• Radiative corrections to false vacuum decay in quantum mechanics
• Dark matter as the source of neutrino mass: theory overview and experimental prospects
• Gravitational waves from supercooled phase transitions in conformal Majoron models of neutrino mass
• Search for an emission line of a gravitational wave background
• On minimal energy states of chiral MHD turbulence
• Assessing the role of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the QCD cosmological phase transition
• CP-violating effects on gravitational waves in a complex singlet extension of the Standard Model with degenerate scalars
• Exploring CP-violation in $Y=0$ inert triplet with real singlet
• Phenomenology of electroweak bubbles and gravitational waves in the Littlest Higgs Model with T parity
• Multimodality in the Search for New Physics in Pulsar Timing Data and the Case of Kination-amplified Gravitational-wave Background from Inflation
• Gravitational waves from vacuum bubbles: Ultraviolet dependence on wall thickness
• Inverse bubbles from broken supersymmetry
• Can asteroid-mass PBHDM be compatible with catalyzed phase transition interpretation of PTA?
• Sound waves from primordial black hole formations
• Primordial black holes and magnetic fields in conformal neutrino mass models
• Pulsar timing and polarimetry: results and perspectives
• Hidden Photon and Axion Dark Matter from Symmetry Breaking
• Gravitational waves from first-order phase transitions in Majoron models of neutrino mass
• Magnetism in the Early Universe
• Conformal Unification in a Quiver Theory and Gravitational Waves
• Bubbles in a box: Eliminating edge nucleation in cold-atom simulators of vacuum decay
• Primordial blackhole formation: Exploring chaotic potential with a sharp step via the GLMS perspective
• Strangeness in Astrophysics and Cosmology
• Gravitational radiation sources and signatures
• Electroweak Phase Transition, Gravitational Waves and Collider Probes in Multi-Scalar Dark Matter Scenarios
• Electroweak phase transition in technicolor
• Thermal evolution of dark matter and gravitational-wave production in the early universe from a symplectic glueball model
• What happens when supercooling is terminated by curvature flipping of the effective potential?
• Gravitational and dilaton radiation from a relativistic membrane
• Gravitational wave induced baryon acoustic oscillations
• Gauss-Bonnet Cosmology: large-temperature behaviour and bounds from Gravitational Waves
• An Upper Limit on the Initial Temperature of the Radiation-Dominated Universe
• Relation between higher-dimensional gauge theories and gravitational waves from first-order phase transitions
• A composite tale of two right-handed neutrinos
• Shedding Light on Dark Sectors with Gravitational Waves
• Thin and thick bubble walls II: expansion in the wall width
• A Quantal Theory of Restoration of Strong CP Symmetry
• Verifiable type-III seesaw and dark matter in a gauged $\mathbf{U}(1{)}_{\mathrm{B}-\mathrm{L}}$ symmetric model
• Circularly Polarized Gravitational Wave Background Search with a Network of Space-borne Triangular Detectors
• Freeze-in gravitational waves and dark matter in warm inflation
• A New Source of Phase Transition Gravitational Waves: Heavy Particle Braking Across Bubble Walls
• High-frequency gravitational waves from first-order phase transitions
• Radiative decays of a singlet scalar boson through vector-like quarks
• Observable CMB B-modes from Cosmological Phase Transitions
• Dark Matter and Electroweak Baryogenesis with Spontaneous $CP$ Violation in the Early Universe
• Gravitational waves from patterns of electroweak symmetry breaking: an effective perspective
• Primordial Black Holes Formed during Magneto-Hydrodynamic Turbulence in The Early Universe as Dominant Part of Dark Matter
• Supercooled Audible Axions
• Gravitational Wave Production and Baryogenesis in a Simple Left-Right model
• Probing low scale leptogenesis through gravitational wave
• Leptogenesis via Varying Weinberg Operator: the Closed-Time-Path Approach
• Probing Leptophobic Dark Sectors via Gravitational Wave Signatures
• Revisiting Singlet Fermion Dark Matter with a Scalar Portal: Connecting Higgs Phenomenology and Strong Electroweak Phase Transition
• Phase transition catalyzed by primordial black holes
• Elastic Scattering of Cosmological Gravitational Wave Backgrounds: Primordial Black Holes and Stellar Objects
• LISA and $\gamma$-ray telescopes as multi-messenger probes of a first-order cosmological phase transition
• Cosmology from Strong Interactions
• Gravitational waves from bubble walls
• Gravitational Waves in Metastable Supersymmetry Breaking
• Gravitational waves from a first-order phase transition of the inflaton
• NNLO corrections to false vacuum decay rate in thin-wall approximation
• Speed of sound in cosmological phase transitions and effect on gravitational waves
• The Discovery Potential of Space-Based Gravitational Wave Astronomy
• Dark radiation as a probe for phase transition in the early universe
• Cosmic Collider Gravitational Waves sourced by Right-handed Neutrino production from Bubbles: Testing Seesaw, Leptogenesis and Dark Matter
• The Boring Monopole
• Study of gravitational waves from phase transitions in three-component dark matter
• Decay of acoustic turbulence in two dimensions and implications for cosmological gravitational waves
• Signatures of Primordial Gravitational Waves on the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
• Primordial observables of explicit diffeomorphism violation in gravity
• Cosmic Overture Echoed in a Stellar Final Act: Implications of Nanohertz Gravitational Waves for Core Collapse Supernova Neutrinos
• A singlet scalar assisted $N_2$ Leptogenesis and Pseudo-Scalar Dark Matter
• Gravitational waves from the sound shell model: direct and inverse phase transitions in the early Universe
• Primordial Black Hole Formation and Multimessenger Signals in a Complex Singlet Extension of the Standard Model
• Probing the Neutrino Seesaw Scale with Gravitational Waves
• Detecting stochastic gravitational wave background from cosmic strings with next-generation detector networks: Component separation based on a multi-source astrophysical foreground noise model
• Black holes seeding cosmological phase transitions
• Vacuum bubbles from cosmic ripples
• High Sensitivity Methodologies to Detect Radio Band Gravitational Waves
• Testing No slip model with pulsar timing arrays: NANOGrav and IPTA
• Correlation analysis for isotropic stochastic gravitational wave backgrounds with maximally allowed polarization degrees