Gravitational waves from holographic QCD phase transition with gluon condensate

Abstract

In this paper, we discuss the holographic first order QCD phase transition with gluon condensate and the generation of gravitational waves (GWs) from the phase transition. The first order QCD phase transition is dual to the first order Hawking-Page phase transition from holography. We study the first order Hawking-Page phase transition from the thermal dilatonic phase to the dilatonic black hole phase and find the phase transition temperature is proportional to the gluon condensate. After substituting into the phenomenological value of gluon condensate from QCD sum rules, we find $T_c=155.38MeV$. In further research, we study the GWs generated from holographic cosmic first order QCD phase transition with gluon condensate and the produced GWs might be detected by the International Pulsar Timing Array, Square Kilometre Array and Big-Bang Observer. Moreover, the gluon condensate suppresses the energy density of total GWs and peak frequency.

16 pages, 2 figures

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• Confined-deconfined interface tension and latent heat in SU(N) gauge theory
• Bubbles kick off primordial black holes to form more binaries
• Testing the effective action approach to bubble nucleation in holography