Bubbles kick off primordial black holes to form more binaries

Abstract

Primordial black holes (PBHs) may form before cosmological first-order phase transitions, leading to inevitable collisions between PBHs and bubble walls. In this Letter, we have simulated for the first time the co-evolution of an expanding scalar wall passing through a black hole with full numerical relativity. This black hole-bubble wall collision yields multiple far-reaching phenomena, including the PBH mass growth, gravitational wave radiations, and momentum recoil that endows PBHs with additional velocities, approximately doubling the formation rate for PBH binaries and hence strengthening the observational constraints on the PBH abundances.

v1, 5 pages + supplemental material; v2, 5-page main text (peak frequency estimation for GWs from PBH-bubble collisions is added) + 8-page largely extended supplemental material with details in numerical simulations (including numerical methods, initial data, convergence tests, and long-term evolutions); v3, version accepted by Physical Review Research

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