The NANOGrav 15-year Data Set: Evidence for a Gravitational-Wave Background

Abstract

We report multiple lines of evidence for a stochastic signal that is correlated among 67 pulsars from the 15-year pulsar-timing data set collected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves. The correlations follow the Hellings-Downs pattern expected for a stochastic gravitational-wave background. The presence of such a gravitational-wave background with a power-law-spectrum is favored over a model with only independent pulsar noises with a Bayes factor in excess of $10^{14}$, and this same model is favored over an uncorrelated common power-law-spectrum model with Bayes factors of 200-1000, depending on spectral modeling choices. We have built a statistical background distribution for these latter Bayes factors using a method that removes inter-pulsar correlations from our data set, finding $p=10^{-3}$ (approx. $3\sigma$) for the observed Bayes factors in the null no-correlation scenario. A frequentist test statistic built directly as a weighted sum of inter-pulsar correlations yields $p=5\times 10^{-5}-1.9\times 10^{-4}$ (approx. $3.5-4\sigma$). Assuming a fiducial $f^{-2/3}$ characteristic-strain spectrum, as appropriate for an ensemble of binary supermassive black-hole inspirals, the strain amplitude is $2.4_{-0.6}^{+0.7}\times 10^{-15}$ (median + 90% credible interval) at a reference frequency of 1/(1 yr). The inferred gravitational-wave background amplitude and spectrum are consistent with astrophysical expectations for a signal from a population of supermassive black-hole binaries, although more exotic cosmological and astrophysical sources cannot be excluded. The observation of Hellings-Downs correlations points to the gravitational-wave origin of this signal.

30 pages, 18 figures. Published in Astrophysical Journal Letters as part of Focus on NANOGrav's 15-year Data Set and the Gravitational Wave Background. For questions or comments, please email [email protected]

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• Quasinormal ringing of thick braneworlds with a finite extra dimension
• Extracting parity-violating gravitational waves from projected tidal force tensor in three dimensions
• Constraints on the Pre-Big Bang scenario from a cosmological interpretation of the NANOGrav data
• Anisotropies of cosmological gravitational wave backgrounds in non-flat spacetime
• Gravitational Waves from Metastable Cosmic Strings in Supersymmetric New Inflation Model
• Choosing suitable noise models for nanohertz gravitational-wave astrophysics
• Cosmic superstrings in large volume compactifications: PTAs, LISA and time-varying tension
• Testing compact massive black hole binary candidates through multi-epoch spectroscopy
• General analysis of Noether symmetries in Horndeski gravity
• Cold Darkogenesis: Dark Matter and Baryon Asymmetry in Light of the PTA Signal
• What is the origin of the JWST SMBHs?
• Stochastic inflation and non-perturbative power spectrum beyond slow roll
• The NANOGrav 12.5-Year Data Set: Probing Interstellar Turbulence and Precision Pulsar Timing with PSR J1903+0327
• The Chinese Pulsar Timing Array data release I. Single pulsar noise analysis
• Regularizing the Pulsar Timing Array likelihood: A path towards Fourier Space
• Astrometry meets Pulsar Timing Arrays: Synergies for Gravitational Wave Detection
• Dark Matter Spike surrounding Supermassive Black Holes Binary and the Nanohertz Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background
• Gravitational waves from cosmic strings for pedestrians
• Supercooled phase transitions in conformal dark sectors explain NANOGrav data
• Reducing instrumental errors in Parkes Pulsar Timing Array data
• Memory of a Random Walk: Astrometric deflections from gravitational wave memory accumulation over cosmological scales
• Extended mass distribution of PBHs during QCD phase transition: SGWB and mini-EMRIs
• Interplay between the muon $g-2$ anomaly and the PTA nHZ gravitational waves from domain walls in next-to minimal supersymmetric standard model
• Realistic consecutive galaxy mergers form eccentric PTA sources
• Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves in Modified Gravity
• Dark Photon Dark Matter and Low-Frequency Gravitational Wave Detection with Gaia-like Astrometry
• Measuring anisotropies in the PTA band with cross-correlations
• Prospects for Time-Domain and Multi-Messenger Science with eXTP
• Where Have All the Little Red Dots Gone? Supermassive Black Hole Binary Dynamics and its Impact on Galaxy Properties
• Algorithmic Pulsar Timer for Binaries
• The ringdown of a black hole surrounded by a thin shell of matter
• Measuring the anisotropies in astrophysical and cosmological gravitational-wave backgrounds with Taiji and LISA networks
• Bayesian pulsar timing and noise analysis with Vela.jl: an overview
• Signatures of Massive Black Hole Merger Host Galaxies from Cosmological Simulations II: Unique Stellar Kinematics in Integral Field Unit Spectroscopy
• Non-Gaussianities and Primordial Black Holes
• Probing intermediate-mass black hole binaries with the Lunar Gravitational-wave Antenna
• Is your stochastic signal really detectable?
• The LISA forecast on a smooth crossover beyond the Standard Model through the scalar-induced gravitational waves
• Bayesian reconstruction of primordial perturbations from induced gravitational waves
• Climbing over the potential barrier during inflation via null energy condition violation
• Primordial black holes in SB SUSY Gauss-Bonnet inflation
• Gravitational wave signals from primordial black holes orbiting solar-type stars
• Gauge-dependence of Scalar Induced Gravitational Waves
• Premature supermassive black hole mergers in cosmological simulations of structure formation
• Improving the detection sensitivity to primordial stochastic gravitational waves with reduced astrophysical foregrounds. II. Subthreshold binary neutron stars
• Implications for Pulsar Timing Arrays of Sub-solar Black Hole Detections: From LVK to Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer
• Hot, cold, and multi-component accretion flows around supermassive black hole binaries
• Conservative Dynamics of Relativistic Binaries Beyond Einstein Gravity
• Probing Self-Interacting Dark Matter via Gravitational-Wave Background from Eccentric Supermassive Black Hole Mergers
• Unbiased estimation of gravitational-wave anisotropies from noisy data
• Fully Collective Superradiant Lasing with Vanishing Sensitivity to Cavity Length Vibrations
• A millisecond pulsar position determined to 0.2 milliarcsecond precision with VLBI
• Accretion mediated spin-eccentricity correlations in LISA massive black hole binaries
• Forecast Analysis of Astrophysical Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background beyond general relativity: A Case Study on Brans-Dicke Gravity
• Detection of the Fe K lines from the binary AGN in 4C+37.11
• Tracking on-the-fly massive black hole binary evolution and coalescence in galaxy simulations: RAMCOAL
• Radio and gamma-ray timing of TRAPUM L-band Fermi pulsar survey discoveries
• Exploring pulsar timing precision: A comparative study of polarization calibration methods for NANOGrav data from the Green Bank Telescope
• Experimental Demonstration of Back-Linked Fabry-Perot Interferometer for the Space Gravitational Wave Antenna
• Quantum-Ordering Ambiguities in Weak Chern-Simons 4D Gravity and Metastability of the Condensate-Induced Inflation
• Mitigating cosmic variance in the Hellings-Downs curve: a Cosmic Microwave Background analogy
• Supercooled Dark Scalar Phase Transitions explanation of NANOGrav data
• Beware of the running $n_s$ when producing heavy primordial black holes
• Different effects of the Lorentz and Gaussian bump functions on the formation of primordial black holes and secondary gravitational waves
• Cosmology on a Gravitational Wave Background
• Can the NANOGrav observations constrain the geometry of the universe?
• Gravitational wave background from primordial black holes in globular clusters
• Inferring Mbh-Mbulge Evolution from the Gravitational Wave Background
• The NANOGrav 15 yr data set: Posterior predictive checks for gravitational-wave detection with pulsar timing arrays
• Gravitational wave footprints from Higgs-portal scalegenesis with multiple dark chiral scalars
• Probing Spin-2 Ultralight Dark Matter with Space-based Gravitational Wave Detectors in the mHz Regime
• On the anisotropies of the cosmological gravitational-wave background from pulsar timing array observations
• Electromagnetic field in a cavity induced by gravitational waves
• Gravitational waves from vacuum bubbles: Ultraviolet dependence on wall thickness
• Acquiring the Lefschetz thimbles: efficient evaluation of the diffraction integral for lensing in wave optics
• Signatures of modified gravity from the gravitational Aharonov-Bohm effect
• Dissecting the nanoHz gravitational wave sky: frequency-correlated anisotropy induced by eccentric supermassive black hole binaries
• On Variation of Light Curves and Broad Emission Lines for Periodic QSOs from co-rotating Supermassive binary black holes in elliptical orbits
• Reconciling PTA and JWST and preparing for LISA with POMPOCO: a Parametrisation Of the Massive black hole POpulation for Comparison to Observations
• PETRA: From the LISA global fit to a catalog of Galactic binaries
• Polarization Properties of the Electromagnetic Response to High-frequency Gravitational Wave
• The impact of large-scale galaxy clustering on the variance of the Hellings-Downs correlation: numerical results
• Spin-Flavor Oscillations of Relic Neutrinos in Primordial Magnetic Field
• Dynamical Lensing Tomography of Black Hole Ringdown
• Information Wells and the Emergence of Primordial Black Holes in a Cyclic Quantum Universe
• Can asteroid-mass PBHDM be compatible with catalyzed phase transition interpretation of PTA?
• The Impact of Dark Matter on Gravitational Wave Detection by Space-based Interferometers
• Cosmic Strings from Tribrid Inflation
• Pulsar Polarization Array Limits on Ultralight Axion-like Dark Matter
• Reconstructing the LISA massive black hole binary population via iterative kernel density estimation
• Unveiling the existence of nontensorial gravitational-wave polarizations from individual supermassive black hole binaries with pulsar timing arrays
• Primordial black holes save $R^2$ inflation
• Gravitational Waves from Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter Spikes
• Multimodality in the Search for New Physics in Pulsar Timing Data and the Case of Kination-amplified Gravitational-wave Background from Inflation
• Optical ultra-stable optical clock cavities as resonant mass gravitational wave detectors in search for new physics
• Gravitational wave energy momentum-tensor in reduced Horndeski theories
• Searching for Anisotropy in the Gravitational Wave Background Using the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array
• Constraining inflation with nonminimal derivative coupling with the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array third data release
• Primordial gravitational waves from spontaneous Lorentz symmetry breaking
• Propagation and lensing of gravitational waves in Palatini $f(\hat{R})$ gravity
• Statistics of the supermassive black hole gravitational wave background anisotropy
• Graviton-photon conversion in blazar jets as a probe of high-frequency gravitational waves
• Pulsar timing and polarimetry: results and perspectives
• Exploring the multiband gravitational wave background with a semi-analytic galaxy formation model
• New Consistency Relations between Averages and Variances of Weakly Lensed Signals of Gravitational Waves
• Waveform models for the gravitational-wave memory effect: Extreme mass-ratio limit and final memory offset
• Constraints on the Sharpness of the Curvature Power Spectrum
• Connecting Inflation to the NANOGrav 15-year Data Set via Massive Gravity
• Reconstructing inflationary potential from NANOGrav 15-year Data: A robust study using Non-Bunch Davies initial condition
• Relic gravitons and non-stationary processes
• The Gravitational Wave Bias Parameter from Angular Power Spectra: Bridging Between Galaxies and Binary Black Holes
• Primordial Black Holes and Second-order Gravitational Waves in Axion-like Hybrid Inflation
• Inflation, Proton Decay and Gravitational Waves from Metastable Strings in $SU(4{)}_C\times SU(2{)}_L\times U(1{)}_R$ Model
• Non-linear effects on the Cosmological Gravitational Wave Background anisotropies
• Exploring the Orbital Alignments of Galactic Close White Dwarf Binaries with LISA
• Detecting the heterodyning of gravitational waves
• DeepSSM: an emulator of gravitational wave spectra from sound waves during cosmological first-order phase transitions
• Tensor bispectrum mediated by an excited scalar field during inflation
• Confronting primordial black holes with LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA and the Einstein Telescope
• Rapid Construction of Joint Pulsar Timing Array Datasets: The Lite Method
• Reconciling cosmic dipolar tensions with a gigaparsec void
• The Host Galaxies of PTA Sources: Converting Supermassive BH Binary Parameters into EM Observables
• Resolving Individual Signals in the Presence of Stochastic Background in Future Pulsar Timing Arrays
• First astrometric constraints on parity-violation in the gravitational wave background
• Constraints on ultra-slow-roll inflation with the NANOGrav 15-Year Dataset
• Realistic assessment of a single gravitational wave source localization taking into account precise pulsar distances with pulsar timing arrays
• Detectability of dark matter density distribution via gravitational waves from binary black holes in the Galactic center
• Chiral symmetry breaking and pion condensation in the early universe
• Multiple Axions Save High-Scale Inflation
• Gravitational Wave Resonance in Ultra-Light Dark Matter Halos
• Supersymmetric hybrid inflation and current-carrying metastable cosmic strings in $SU(4{)}_c\times SU(2{)}_L\times U(1{)}_R$
• Effects of Coronal Mass Ejection on PSR J1022+1001 and Possible Mode Change of PSR J2145-0750 in the InPTA DR2
• Log-periodic gravitational-wave background beyond Einstein gravity
• Primary gravitational waves at high frequencies I: Origin of suppression in the power spectrum
• Two types of quasinormal modes of Casadio-Fabbri-Mazzacurati brane-world black holes
• Probing the mass relation between supermassive black holes and dark matter halos at high redshifts by gravitational wave experiments
• Primordial blackhole formation: Exploring chaotic potential with a sharp step via the GLMS perspective
• An effective model for the tidal disruption of satellites undergoing minor mergers with axisymmetric primaries
• Anisotropy of Nanohertz Gravitational Wave Background and Source Clustering from Supermassive Binary Black Holes Based on Cosmological Simulation
• Forecast cosmological constraints from the number counts of Gravitational Waves events
• Analysis of the Gravitational Wave Background Using Gamma-Ray Pulsar Timing Arrays with Next-Generation Detectors
• Signature of polarized ultralight vector dark matter in pulsar timing arrays
• Cosmological scaling of precursor domain walls
• Stellar Stripping and Disruption in Disks around Supermassive Black Hole Binaries: Repeating nuclear transients prior to LISA events
• Probing Picohertz Gravitational Waves with Pulsars
• Scalar-induced gravitational waves in spatially covariant gravity
• Implications of pulsar timing arrays for Gauss-Bonnet Inflation
• Magnetic monopoles and high frequency gravitational waves from quasi-stable strings
• Black holes as telescopes: Discovering supermassive binaries through quasi-periodic lensed starlight
• Self-Interacting Dark-Matter Spikes and the Final-Parsec Problem: Bayesian constraints from the NANOGrav 15-Year Gravitational-Wave Background
• Gravitational wave and dark matter from Axion-Higgs string
• Search for the non-linearities of gravitational wave background in NANOGrav 15-year data set
• How large are curvature perturbations from slow first-order phase transitions? A gauge-invariant analysis
• Fundamental Physics in 2025: Status, Decisive Targets, and Path Forward
• Perturbative limits on axion-SU(2) gauge dynamics during inflation from the energy density of spin-2 particles
• Multi-messenger Astronomy with Quenched Superradiance
• Elliptically Polarized Plane Gravitational Waves
• Scalar-induced gravitational waves including isocurvature perturbations with lattice simulations
• Is PSR J0514$-$4002E in a PBH-NS binary?
• Sensitivity forecasts for gravitational-wave detectors to dark matter decaying into gravitons
• Accurate pulsar timing array residual variances and correlation of the stochastic gravitational wave background
• Signal-to-noise Ratio Analytic Formulae of the Inspiral Binary Black Holes in TianQin
• Cosmic Strings-induced CMB anisotropies in light of Weighted Morphology
• Measuring gravitational wave spectrum from electroweak phase transition and Higgs self-couplings
• Finite Populations & Finite Time: The Non-Gaussianity of a Gravitational Wave Background
• The Role of r-Modes in Pulsar Spin-down, Pulsar Timing, and Gravitational Waves
• Improved model of large-field inflation with primordial black hole production in Starobinsky-like supergravity
• Efficient prescription to search for linear gravitational wave memory from hyperbolic black hole encounters and its application to the NANOGrav 12.5-year dataset
• The Metron Project -- I. The Metron Project Science Program
• Probing supermassive black hole scalarization with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• The systemic recoil velocity distribution and the scale height of field millisecond pulsar systems: Implications on neutron star retention fractions in star clusters
• Lensing point-spread function of coherent astrophysical sources and non-trivial wave effects
• Insights into Supermassive Black Hole Mergers from the Gravitational Wave Background
• Improving DM estimates using low-frequency scattering-broadening estimates
• Exploring the anisotropic gravitational wave background from all-sky mock gravitational wave event catalogues
• Detecting Relativistic Doppler by Multi-Tracing a Single Galaxy Population
• Long-term Timing Results of Ecliptic Pulsars Observed with I-LOFAR
• Magnetogenesis from Sawtooth Coupling: Gravitational Wave Probe of Reheating
• An unidentified Fermi source emitting radio bursts in the Galactic bulge
• Hemisphere-averaged Hellings-Downs curve between pulsar pairs for a gravitational wave source
• Bubbles kick off primordial black holes to form more binaries
• Detecting milli-Hz gravitational waves with optical resonators
• An updated constraint for the Gravitational Wave Background from the Gamma-ray Pulsar Timing Array
• Can a time evolving, asymmetric broad line region mimic a massive black hole binary?
• Rapid inference for individual binaries and a stochastic background with pulsar timing array data
• Fundamental quantum limits for detecting ultrahigh frequency gravitational waves
• Non-Gaussianity of Tensor Induced Density Perturbations
• Hybrid inflation and gravitational waves from accidentally light scalars
• Radiative symmetry breaking from the on-shell perspective
• Identifying the Quadrupolar Nature of Gravitational Wave Background through Space-based Missions
• A Closer Look in the Mirror: Reflections on the Matter/Dark Matter Coincidence
• Spontaneous baryogenesis and generation of gravitational waves in a new model of quintessential $\alpha$-attractor
• The polarimetric response of the Nançay Radio Telescope and its impact on precision pulsar timing
• Detectability of massive binary black holes with sub-mHz gravitational wave missions
• On the calculation of p-values for quadratic statistics in Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Prospects for High-Frequency Gravitational-Wave Detection with GEO600
• Astrophysical and Cosmological Relevance of the High-Frequency Features in the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background
• Gravitational waves from dark domain walls
• Stochastic gravitational wave background anisotropies from inflation with non-Bunch-Davies states
• Equations of motion for compact binary systems in general relativity: Do they depend on the bodies' internal structure at the third post-Newtonian order?
• Phase transition catalyzed by primordial black holes
• Cylindrical Gravitational Waves in Einstein-Aether Theory
• Postsphaleron darkogenesis
• Dynamical analysis of quantum matter bounces with dark sector mimickers
• A note on the description of plane gravitational waves in Fermi coordinates
• Reheating after the Supercooled Phase Transitions with Radiative Symmetry Breaking
• Supermassive black hole formation in the initial collapse of axion dark matter
• From $U(1)\times U(1)$ Symmetry Breaking to Majoron Cosmology: Insights from NANOGrav 15-year Data
• Post-Newtonian Gravitational Waves with cosmological constant $\Lambda$ from the Einstein-Hilbert theory
• General Fourier expansion of post-Newtonian binary dynamics based on a quasi-Keplerian framework
• Lepton parity dark matter and naturally unstable domain walls
• Probing Leptophobic Dark Sectors via Gravitational Wave Signatures
• Binary black holes gone MAD: Magnetically arrested minidisks around nonspinning black holes
• Gravitational Waves from $\text{Type-I}$ Strings in a Neutrino Mass Model
• Collapsing domain walls with ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$-violating coupling to thermalized fermions and their impact on gravitational wave detections
• Gauge-independent Gravitational Waves from Cogenesis in a $B-L$ Conserving Universe
• LISA and $\gamma$-ray telescopes as multi-messenger probes of a first-order cosmological phase transition
• Comprehensive analysis of dissipative effects in the induced gravitational waves
• Supermassive Dark Stars and their remnants as a possible solution to three recent cosmic dawn puzzles
• Bayesian analysis of the complex singlet model with phase transition gravitational waves
• Search for high-frequency gravitational waves via re-analysis of cavity axion data
• Quantum sensing of high-frequency gravitational waves with ion crystals
• Observable Gravitational Wave Strain at Second Order
• Black hole merger rates for LISA and LGWA from semi-analytical modelling of light seeds
• Eccentric Disks from Gaseous Rings around Equal-Mass, Circular Binaries
• Searching for unresolved massive black hole pairs through AGN photometric variability
• Constraints on High-Frequency Gravitational Waves from Graviton-Photon Conversion in the M87 Galaxy
• Gravitational Lensing of Gravitational Waves from Astrophysical Sources: Theory, Detection, and Applications
• The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Customized Chromatic Noise Models
• Probing baryogenesis with gravitational waves
• Overmassive and Undermassive Massive Black Holes: The Role of Environment and Gravitational-Wave Recoils
• Multiwavelength identification of millisecond pulsar candidates in the Galactic bulge
• Eikonal gravitational-wave lensing in Einstein-aether theory
• Estimating the gravitational wave background anisotropy: a Bayesian approach boosted by cross-correlation angular power spectrum
• High-Redshift Merger Model for Low-Frequency Gravitational Wave Background
• Inflationary gravitational wave background as a tail effect
• Outer Solar System spacecraft to probe the $\mu$Hz gravitational wave frontier
• Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Observations of supermassive black hole binary candidates. Strong sinusoidal variations at 95, 147 and 225 GHz in PKS 2131$-$021 and PKS J0805$-$0111
• SageNet: Fast Neural Network Emulation of the Stiff-amplified Gravitational Waves from Inflation
• Inflation with vector fields revisited: heavy entropy perturbations and primordial black holes
• Gravitational Wave Effects on Radio Spectral Lines of Atomic Hydrogen: Hyperfine Splitting and Broadening Mechanisms
• Primordial Black Holes from Spatially Varying Cosmological Constant Induced by Field Fluctuations in Extra Dimensions
• The impact of outliers on pulsar timing arrays
• First Light And Reionization Epoch Simulations (FLARES) -- XIX: Supermassive black hole mergers in the early Universe and their environmental dependence
• Shadows of Giants: Constraints on Stupendously Large Black Holes from Negative Sources against the Cosmic Microwave Background
• Circularly polarized gravitational waves from parity-violating scalar-tensor theory
• Can we hear beats with pulsar timing arrays?
• Spacetime in motion: an evolving relativistic binary black hole metric for GIZMO
• Detection of the stochastic gravitational wave background with the space-borne gravitational-wave detector network
• Gravitational Wave Measurement of the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$-$M_{\mathrm{bulge}}$ Intrinsic Scatter at High Redshift
• Inflationary phase transitions in the early Universe: A Bayesian study with space-based gravitational-wave detectors
• Repulsive quantum gravitoelectric-gravitomagnetic interaction
• Purely quadratic non-Gaussianity from tachyonic instability: Primordial black holes and scalar-induced gravitational waves
• Hawking area law in quantum gravity
• Evaluating statistical significance for massive black hole binary mergers with space-based gravitational wave detectors
• Pulsar scintillation studies with LOFAR III. Annual variations in PSR~J0814$+$7429
• Enhanced activity in close dual-AGN systems in the local Universe
• Bayesian leave-one-out cross-validation for astrophysical model comparison using gravitational-wave background data
• Stochastic gravitational wave background due to core collapse resulting in neutron stars
• Reconstructing ACT-compatible and GW170817-compatible Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet Inflation from the Observational Indices
• Gravitational-wave standard sirens and application in cosmology
• Gravitational Wave Mountains: current-carrying domain walls
• A simple example of "non-minimal" Pre-Big Bang scenario
• Initial acquisition requirements for optical cavities in the space gravitational wave antennae DECIGO and B-DECIGO
• Full analytic expressions of overlap reduction functions for anisotropies of the stochastic gravitational-wave background with pulsar timing arrays
• A Population Study for Searching Supermassive Binary Black Holes in Active Galactic Nuclei: Continuum Spectral Features and Periodic Variabilities
• Distinguishing gravity theories with networks of space-based gravitational-wave detectors
• Spatial Correlation between Pulsars from Interfering Gravitational-Wave Sources in Massive Gravity
• Model-agnostic gravitational-wave background characterization algorithm
• Measuring the crust-superfluid coupling time-scale for 105 UTMOST pulsars with a Kalman filter
• Rapid multi-band space-based optical timing: revolutionizing accretion physics
• Bispectrum of induced gravitational waves in the poltergeist mechanism
• Ultralight scalar dark matter versus nonadiabatic perfect fluid dark matter in pulsar timing
• Development of generic no-scale inflation
• Physics beyond the Standard Model with the DSA-2000
• A two-step strategy to identify episodic sources of gravitational waves and high energy neutrinos in starburst galaxies
• Gravitational Waves beyond the Linear Approximation and Gravitational Wave Reflection
• Beyond general relativity: gravitational waves in non-minimally coupled theories
• Assessing the performance of future space-based detectors: Astrophysical foregrounds and individual sources
• Gravitational lensing of gravitational waves: universal characteristics of strongly lensed memory waveforms
• Primordial gravitational waves: Model effects on time evolution and spectrum
• Superconducting Strings in $E_6$
• Cosmic Overture Echoed in a Stellar Final Act: Implications of Nanohertz Gravitational Waves for Core Collapse Supernova Neutrinos
• Charged spherically symmetric black holes in the Lyra geometry and a preliminary investigation on the overcharging process
• Primordial observables of explicit diffeomorphism violation in gravity
• Searching Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background Landscape Across Frequency Bands
• Detecting White Dwarf Binary Mergers with Gravitational Waves
• Excess of substructure due to primordial black holes
• Probing Quadratically Coupled Ultralight Dark Matter with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Novel Solar System Probes for Primordial Black Holes
• Accretion of self-interacting dark matter onto supermassive black holes
• Applicability of multi-component study on Bayesian searches for targeted anisotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background
• Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves in Palatini $f(R)$ Gravity
• Pulsar timing array analysis in a Legendre polynomial basis
• Accelerating Airy tensor modes of cosmological gravitational waves
• Flattened bispectrum of the scalar-induced gravitational waves
• Off-center black hole seed formation? Implications for high and low redshift massive black holes
• Uncertainty-Aware Neural Networks for Fuzzy Dark Matter Model Selection from \texorpdfstring{$x_{\mathrm{HI}}$}{x_HI} Measurements
• Fast, dust-poor outflows in the local candidate dual AGN MCG-03-34-64 observed with VLT/ERIS
• Graph-based Summary Statistics for Revealing the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background in Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Non-Hermitian Gravitational Wave Scattering
• Upper limits on microhertz gravitational waves from supermassive black-hole binaries using PSR J1909-3744 data from the second IPTA data release
• Testing No slip model with pulsar timing arrays: NANOGrav and IPTA
• The Dark Side of the Moon: Listening to Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves