Constraints On Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves Up To Third Order From Joint Analysis of BBN, CMB, And PTA Data

Abstract

Recently, strong evidence for a gravitational wave background has been reported by collaborations of pulsar timing arrays (PTA). In the framework of scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGWs), we concurrently investigate the second and third order gravitational waves by jointly analyzing PTA data, alongside big-bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), and cosmic microwave background (CMB) datasets. We determine the primordial curvature spectral amplitude as $0.021<A_{\zeta }<0.085$ and the spectral peak frequency as $10^{-7.3}\mathrm{Hz}<f_{\ast }<10^{-6.3}\mathrm{Hz}$ at a 95\% confidence interval, pointing towards a mass range for primordial black holes of $10^{-4.5}{M}_{\odot }<m_{\mathrm{PBH}}<10^{-2.5}{M}_{\odot }$. Our findings suggest that third order gravitational waves contribute more significantly to the integrated energy density than the second order ones when $A_{\zeta }\gtrsim 0.06$. Furthermore, we expect future PTA projects to validate these findings and provide robust means to investigate the genesis and evolution of the universe, especially inflation.

10 pages, 2 columns, 3 figures. Version accepted by Physical Review Research

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• Complete analysis of the background and anisotropies of scalar-induced gravitational waves: primordial non-Gaussianity $f_{\mathrm{NL}}$ and $g_{\mathrm{NL}}$ considered
• Realisation of the ultra-slow roll phase in Galileon inflation and PBH overproduction
• Enhancement of gravitational waves at Q-ball decay including non-linear density perturbations
• Unraveling the early universe's equation of state and primordial black hole production with PTA, BBN, and CMB observations
• Constraints on holographic QCD phase transitions from PTA observations
• Obviating PBH overproduction for SIGWs generated by Pulsar Timing Arrays in loop corrected EFT of bounce
• Implications of cosmologically coupled black holes for pulsar timing arrays
• Can we distinguish the adiabatic fluctuations and isocurvature fluctuations with pulsar timing arrays?
• Charting the Nanohertz Gravitational Wave Sky with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Untangling PBH overproduction in $w$-SIGWs generated by Pulsar Timing Arrays for MST-EFT of single field inflation
• Angular bispectrum and trispectrum of scalar-induced gravitational waves: all contributions from primordial non-Gaussianity $f_{\mathrm{NL}}$ and $g_{\mathrm{NL}}$
• Constraining the impact of standard model phase transitions on primordial black holes
• Curvature Perturbations from First-Order Phase Transitions: Implications to Black Holes and Gravitational Waves
• Negative non-Gaussianity as a salvager for PBHs with PTAs in bounce
• Scalar induced gravitational waves in chiral scalar-tensor theory of gravity
• Interplay between the muon $g-2$ anomaly and the PTA nHZ gravitational waves from domain walls in next-to minimal supersymmetric standard model
• Constraining inflation with nonminimal derivative coupling with the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array third data release
• Implications of pulsar timing arrays for Gauss-Bonnet Inflation
• Scalar-induced gravitational waves in spatially covariant gravity
• Accurate pulsar timing array residual variances and correlation of the stochastic gravitational wave background