Searching for the nano-Hertz stochastic gravitational wave background with the Chinese Pulsar Timing Array Data Release I

Abstract

Observing and timing a group of millisecond pulsars (MSPs) with high rotational stability enables the direct detection of gravitational waves (GWs). The GW signals can be identified from the spatial correlations encoded in the times-of-arrival of widely spaced pulsar-pairs. The Chinese Pulsar Timing Array (CPTA) is a collaboration aiming at the direct GW detection with observations carried out using Chinese radio telescopes. This short article serves as a `table of contents' for a forthcoming series of papers related to the CPTA Data Release 1 (CPTA DR1) which uses observations from the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). Here, after summarizing the time span and accuracy of CPTA DR1, we report the key results of our statistical inference finding a correlated signal with amplitude $\log A_{\mathrm{c}}=-14.4{}_{-2.8}^{+1.0}$ for spectral index in the range of $\alpha \in [-1.8,1.5]$ assuming a GW background (GWB) induced quadrupolar correlation. The search for the Hellings-Downs (HD) correlation curve is also presented, where some evidence for the HD correlation has been found that a 4.6-$\sigma$ statistical significance is achieved using the discrete frequency method around the frequency of 14 nHz. We expect that the future International Pulsar Timing Array data analysis and the next CPTA data release will be more sensitive to the nHz GWB, which could verify the current results.

arXiv comment18 pages, 6 figures, submitted to "Research in astronomy and astrophysics" 22nd March 2022

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• Gravitational waves from vacuum bubbles: Ultraviolet dependence on wall thickness
• Can asteroid-mass PBHDM be compatible with catalyzed phase transition interpretation of PTA?
• Pulsar timing and polarimetry: results and perspectives
• Primordial black holes save $R^2$ inflation
• Ultra-low-frequency gravitational waves from individual supermassive black hole binaries as standard sirens
• Inferring Mbh-Mbulge Evolution from the Gravitational Wave Background
• Acquiring the Lefschetz thimbles: efficient evaluation of the diffraction integral for lensing in wave optics
• Gravitational waves from axion inflation in the gradient expansion formalism. Part I. Pure axion inflation
• Spin-Flavor Oscillations of Relic Neutrinos in Primordial Magnetic Field
• Gravitational wave footprints from Higgs-portal scalegenesis with multiple dark chiral scalars
• Searching for Anisotropy in the Gravitational Wave Background Using the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array
• Exploring the multiband gravitational wave background with a semi-analytic galaxy formation model
• Optical ultra-stable optical clock cavities as resonant mass gravitational wave detectors in search for new physics
• On the anisotropies of the cosmological gravitational-wave background from pulsar timing array observations
• Unveiling the existence of nontensorial gravitational-wave polarizations from individual supermassive black hole binaries with pulsar timing arrays
• Exploring the Orbital Alignments of Galactic Close White Dwarf Binaries with LISA
• Anisotropy of Nanohertz Gravitational Wave Background and Source Clustering from Supermassive Binary Black Holes Based on Cosmological Simulation
• The Host Galaxies of PTA Sources: Converting Supermassive BH Binary Parameters into EM Observables
• Effects of Coronal Mass Ejection on PSR J1022+1001 and Possible Mode Change of PSR J2145-0750 in the InPTA DR2
• Constraints on the Sharpness of the Curvature Power Spectrum
• Resolving Individual Signals in the Presence of Stochastic Background in Future Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Connecting Inflation to the NANOGrav 15-year Data Set via Massive Gravity
• First astrometric constraints on parity-violation in the gravitational wave background
• Reconstructing inflationary potential from NANOGrav 15-year Data: A robust study using Non-Bunch Davies initial condition
• Confronting primordial black holes with LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA and the Einstein Telescope
• The Gravitational Wave Bias Parameter from Angular Power Spectra: Bridging Between Galaxies and Binary Black Holes
• Testing quantum gravity with primordial gravitational waves
• Realistic assessment of a single gravitational wave source localization taking into account precise pulsar distances with pulsar timing arrays
• Primary gravitational waves at high frequencies I: Origin of suppression in the power spectrum
• Detectability of dark matter density distribution via gravitational waves from binary black holes in the Galactic center
• Probing the mass relation between supermassive black holes and dark matter halos at high redshifts by gravitational wave experiments
• Waveform models for the gravitational-wave memory effect: Extreme mass-ratio limit and final memory offset
• Enhancement of small-scale induced gravitational waves from the soliton/oscillon domination
• Detecting gravitational waves with light
• Relic gravitons and non-stationary processes
• DeepSSM: an emulator of gravitational wave spectra from sound waves during cosmological first-order phase transitions
• A narrow-band parameterization for the stochastic gravitational wave background
• Variability, polarimetry, and timing properties of single pulses from PSR J2222-0137 using FAST
• Detecting the heterodyning of gravitational waves
• Constraints on ultra-slow-roll inflation with the NANOGrav 15-Year Dataset
• Accelerating LISA inference with Gaussian processes
• Log-periodic gravitational-wave background beyond Einstein gravity
• Inflation, Proton Decay and Gravitational Waves from Metastable Strings in $SU(4{)}_C\times SU(2{)}_L\times U(1{)}_R$ Model
• Tensor bispectrum mediated by an excited scalar field during inflation
• Supersymmetric hybrid inflation and current-carrying metastable cosmic strings in $SU(4{)}_c\times SU(2{)}_L\times U(1{)}_R$
• Analysis of the Gravitational Wave Background Using Gamma-Ray Pulsar Timing Arrays with Next-Generation Detectors
• Insights into Supermassive Black Hole Mergers from the Gravitational Wave Background
• Long-term Timing Results of Ecliptic Pulsars Observed with I-LOFAR
• Searching for supermassive black holes binaries within SRG/eROSITA-De I: Properties of the X-ray selected candidates
• Detecting milli-Hz gravitational waves with optical resonators
• Searching for continuous gravitational waves in the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array Data Release 3
• An updated constraint for the Gravitational Wave Background from the Gamma-ray Pulsar Timing Array
• How large are curvature perturbations from slow first-order phase transitions? A gauge-invariant analysis
• Perturbative limits on axion-SU(2) gauge dynamics during inflation from the energy density of spin-2 particles
• The Indian Pulsar Timing Array Data Release 2: II. Customised Single-Pulsar Noise Analysis and Noise Budget
• Finite Populations & Finite Time: The Non-Gaussianity of a Gravitational Wave Background
• Scalar-induced gravitational waves including isocurvature perturbations with lattice simulations
• Gravitational waves from axion inflation in the gradient expansion formalism. Part II. Fermionic axion inflation
• Scalar-induced gravitational waves in spatially covariant gravity
• Signature of polarized ultralight vector dark matter in pulsar timing arrays
• Self-Interacting Dark-Matter Spikes and the Final-Parsec Problem: Bayesian constraints from the NANOGrav 15-Year Gravitational-Wave Background
• Black holes as telescopes: Discovering supermassive binaries through quasi-periodic lensed starlight
• Magnetogenesis from Sawtooth Coupling: Gravitational Wave Probe of Reheating
• Lorentz Violation with Gravitational Waves: Constraints from NANOGrav and IPTA Data
• Implications of pulsar timing arrays for Gauss-Bonnet Inflation
• Probing supermassive black hole scalarization with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Can a time evolving, asymmetric broad line region mimic a massive black hole binary?
• Non-Gaussianity of Tensor Induced Density Perturbations
• Fundamental quantum limits for detecting ultrahigh frequency gravitational waves
• Theoretical Radio Signals from Radio-Band Gravitational Waves Converted from the Neutron Star Magnetic Field
• Gravitational wave and dark matter from Axion-Higgs string
• Rapid inference for individual binaries and a stochastic background with pulsar timing array data
• Exploring the anisotropic gravitational wave background from all-sky mock gravitational wave event catalogues
• Scalar-induced gravitational wave from domain wall perturbation
• Lensing point-spread function of coherent astrophysical sources and non-trivial wave effects
• Signal-to-noise Ratio Analytic Formulae of the Inspiral Binary Black Holes in TianQin
• Accurate pulsar timing array residual variances and correlation of the stochastic gravitational wave background
• Multi-messenger Astronomy with Quenched Superradiance
• Cosmological scaling of precursor domain walls
• Bubbles kick off primordial black holes to form more binaries
• Hybrid inflation and gravitational waves from accidentally light scalars
• In Search of the Biggest Bangs since the Big Bang
• Efficient prescription to search for linear gravitational wave memory from hyperbolic black hole encounters and its application to the NANOGrav 12.5-year dataset
• Is PSR J0514$-$4002E in a PBH-NS binary?
• Search for the non-linearities of gravitational wave background in NANOGrav 15-year data set
• Hemisphere-averaged Hellings-Downs curve between pulsar pairs for a gravitational wave source
• Improving DM estimates using low-frequency scattering-broadening estimates
• Supercooled Audible Axions
• SageNet: Fast Neural Network Emulation of the Stiff-amplified Gravitational Waves from Inflation
• Quantum sensing of high-frequency gravitational waves with ion crystals
• Observable Gravitational Wave Strain at Second Order
• Black hole merger rates for LISA and LGWA from semi-analytical modelling of light seeds
• First Light And Reionization Epoch Simulations (FLARES) -- XIX: Supermassive black hole mergers in the early Universe and their environmental dependence
• High-Redshift Merger Model for Low-Frequency Gravitational Wave Background
• Supermassive black hole formation in the initial collapse of axion dark matter
• Gravitational waves from dark domain walls
• Detectability of massive binary black holes with sub-mHz gravitational wave missions
• Identifying the Quadrupolar Nature of Gravitational Wave Background through Space-based Missions
• Stochastic gravitational wave background anisotropies from inflation with non-Bunch-Davies states
• On the calculation of p-values for quadratic statistics in Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Postsphaleron darkogenesis
• Searching for unresolved massive black hole pairs through AGN photometric variability
• Spontaneous baryogenesis and generation of gravitational waves in a new model of quintessential $\alpha$-attractor
• Reheating after the Supercooled Phase Transitions with Radiative Symmetry Breaking
• Estimating the gravitational wave background anisotropy: a Bayesian approach boosted by cross-correlation angular power spectrum
• From $U(1)\times U(1)$ Symmetry Breaking to Majoron Cosmology: Insights from NANOGrav 15-year Data
• Gravitational Lensing of Gravitational Waves from Astrophysical Sources: Theory, Detection, and Applications
• Prospects for joint multiband detection of intermediate-mass black holes by LGWA and the Einstein Telescope
• The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Customized Chromatic Noise Models
• General Fourier expansion of post-Newtonian binary dynamics based on a quasi-Keplerian framework
• Inflationary gravitational wave background as a tail effect
• Collapsing domain walls with ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$-violating coupling to thermalized fermions and their impact on gravitational wave detections
• The impact of outliers on pulsar timing arrays
• Multiwavelength identification of millisecond pulsar candidates in the Galactic bulge
• Cylindrical Gravitational Waves in Einstein-Aether Theory
• Multi-wavelength properties of $z\gtrsim 6$ LISA detectable events
• Modeling the Beam of Gravitational Radiation from a Cosmic String Loop
• Comprehensive analysis of dissipative effects in the induced gravitational waves
• Eikonal gravitational-wave lensing in Einstein-aether theory
• Primordial Black Holes from Spatially Varying Cosmological Constant Induced by Field Fluctuations in Extra Dimensions
• LISA and $\gamma$-ray telescopes as multi-messenger probes of a first-order cosmological phase transition
• Secondary gravitational waves against a strong gravitational wave in the Bianchi VI universe
• Purely quadratic non-Gaussianity from tachyonic instability: Primordial black holes and scalar-induced gravitational waves
• Hawking area law in quantum gravity
• Pulsar scintillation studies with LOFAR III. Annual variations in PSR~J0814$+$7429
• Bayesian leave-one-out cross-validation for astrophysical model comparison using gravitational-wave background data
• Gravitational-wave standard sirens and application in cosmology
• Full analytic expressions of overlap reduction functions for anisotropies of the stochastic gravitational-wave background with pulsar timing arrays
• A Population Study for Searching Supermassive Binary Black Holes in Active Galactic Nuclei: Continuum Spectral Features and Periodic Variabilities
• Measuring the crust-superfluid coupling time-scale for 105 UTMOST pulsars with a Kalman filter
• Bispectrum of induced gravitational waves in the poltergeist mechanism
• Repulsive quantum gravitoelectric-gravitomagnetic interaction
• Spin and flavor oscillations of neutrinos in gravitational fields
• Stochastic gravitational wave background due to core collapse resulting in neutron stars
• Prospects for probing supermassive binary black holes in strongly lensed active galactic nuclei via microlensing effects
• Measuring black hole spin through gravitational lensing of pulsars
• Measuring the speed of scalar induced gravitational waves from observations
• Flattened bispectrum of the scalar-induced gravitational waves
• Charged spherically symmetric black holes in the Lyra geometry and a preliminary investigation on the overcharging process
• Ultralight scalar dark matter versus nonadiabatic perfect fluid dark matter in pulsar timing
• Testing No slip model with pulsar timing arrays: NANOGrav and IPTA
• Applicability of multi-component study on Bayesian searches for targeted anisotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background
• Can we hear beats with pulsar timing arrays?
• Detection of the stochastic gravitational wave background with the space-borne gravitational-wave detector network
• Gravitational Wave Mountains: current-carrying domain walls
• Initial acquisition requirements for optical cavities in the space gravitational wave antennae DECIGO and B-DECIGO
• Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves in Palatini $f(R)$ Gravity
• Extending the micro-Hertz detection horizons via orbital resonance effect for geocentric gravitational wave antennas
• Evaluating statistical significance for massive black hole binary mergers with space-based gravitational wave detectors
• Spatial Correlation between Pulsars from Interfering Gravitational-Wave Sources in Massive Gravity
• A simple example of "non-minimal" Pre-Big Bang scenario
• Model-agnostic gravitational-wave background characterization algorithm
• Distinguishing gravity theories with networks of space-based gravitational-wave detectors
• Time-dependent deflection reconstruction: new technique to search for gravitational waves with the cosmic microwave background
• Pulsar timing array analysis in a Legendre polynomial basis
• Assessing the performance of future space-based detectors: Astrophysical foregrounds and individual sources
• Gravitational lensing of gravitational waves: universal characteristics of strongly lensed memory waveforms
• Superconducting Strings in $E_6$
• Searching Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background Landscape Across Frequency Bands
• Novel Solar System Probes for Primordial Black Holes
• Pulsars identified in the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey at 144 MHz
• Rapid sinking and efficient mergers of supermassive black holes in compact high-redshift galaxies
• Gravitational Waves and Primordial Black Holes produced by Dark Meta Stable Vacuum Decay
• Upper limits on microhertz gravitational waves from supermassive black-hole binaries using PSR J1909-3744 data from the second IPTA data release
• The Dark Side of the Moon: Listening to Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves
• Circularly polarized gravitational waves from parity-violating scalar-tensor theory
• Linear perturbations of an exact gravitational wave in the Bianchi IV universe
• Gravitational Wave Measurement of the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$-$M_{\mathrm{bulge}}$ Intrinsic Scatter at High Redshift