The second data release from the European Pulsar Timing Array III. Search for gravitational wave signals

Abstract

We present the results of the search for an isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background (GWB) at nanohertz frequencies using the second data release of the European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA) for 25 millisecond pulsars and a combination with the first data release of the Indian Pulsar Timing Array (InPTA). We analysed (i) the full 24.7-year EPTA data set, (ii) its 10.3-year subset based on modern observing systems, (iii) the combination of the full data set with the first data release of the InPTA for ten commonly timed millisecond pulsars, and (iv) the combination of the 10.3-year subset with the InPTA data. These combinations allowed us to probe the contributions of instrumental noise and interstellar propagation effects. With the full data set, we find marginal evidence for a GWB, with a Bayes factor of four and a false alarm probability of $4\%$. With the 10.3-year subset, we report evidence for a GWB, with a Bayes factor of $60$ and a false alarm probability of about $0.1\%$ ($\gtrsim 3\sigma$ significance). The addition of the InPTA data yields results that are broadly consistent with the EPTA-only data sets, with the benefit of better noise modelling. Analyses were performed with different data processing pipelines to test the consistency of the results from independent software packages. The inferred spectrum from the latest EPTA data from new generation observing systems is rather uncertain and in mild tension with the common signal measured in the full data set. However, if the spectral index is fixed at 13/3, the two data sets give a similar amplitude of ($2.5\pm 0.7)\times 10^{-15}$ at a reference frequency of $1{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}$. By continuing our detection efforts as part of the International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA), we expect to be able to improve the measurement of spatial correlations and better characterise this signal in the coming years.

arXiv comment21 pages, 14 figures, 4 appendix figures, accepted for publication in A&A

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• PETRA: From the LISA global fit to a catalog of Galactic binaries
• Pulsar timing and polarimetry: results and perspectives
• Reconstructing the LISA massive black hole binary population via iterative kernel density estimation
• An analytical approximation of the evolution of the primordial curvature perturbation in the ultraslow-roll inflation
• Pulsar Polarization Array Limits on Ultralight Axion-like Dark Matter
• Dynamical Lensing Tomography of Black Hole Ringdown
• Radio Observations as a Probe of Cosmic Web Magnetism
• Multimodality in the Search for New Physics in Pulsar Timing Data and the Case of Kination-amplified Gravitational-wave Background from Inflation
• Spin-Flavor Oscillations of Relic Neutrinos in Primordial Magnetic Field
• Polarization Properties of the Electromagnetic Response to High-frequency Gravitational Wave
• On the anisotropies of the cosmological gravitational-wave background from pulsar timing array observations
• The Impact of Dark Matter on Gravitational Wave Detection by Space-based Interferometers
• Reconciling PTA and JWST and preparing for LISA with POMPOCO: a Parametrisation Of the Massive black hole POpulation for Comparison to Observations
• Constraining inflation with nonminimal derivative coupling with the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array third data release
• On Variation of Light Curves and Broad Emission Lines for Periodic QSOs from co-rotating Supermassive binary black holes in elliptical orbits
• Unveiling the existence of nontensorial gravitational-wave polarizations from individual supermassive black hole binaries with pulsar timing arrays
• Can asteroid-mass PBHDM be compatible with catalyzed phase transition interpretation of PTA?
• Primordial black holes save $R^2$ inflation
• Electromagnetic field in a cavity induced by gravitational waves
• Propagation and lensing of gravitational waves in Palatini $f(\hat{R})$ gravity
• Cosmic Strings from Tribrid Inflation
• Dissecting the nanohertz gravitational wave sky: Frequency-correlated anisotropy induced by eccentric supermassive black hole binaries
• Supercooled Dark Scalar Phase Transitions explanation of NANOGrav data
• Searching for Anisotropy in the Gravitational Wave Background Using the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array
• Gravitational wave footprints from Higgs-portal scalegenesis with multiple dark chiral scalars
• Statistics of the supermassive black hole gravitational wave background anisotropy
• Gravitational Waves from Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter Spikes
• Chiral Gravitational Wave Background from Audible Axion via Nieh-Yan Term
• Constraints on the Sharpness of the Curvature Power Spectrum
• Supersymmetric hybrid inflation and current-carrying metastable cosmic strings in $SU(4{)}_c\times SU(2{)}_L\times U(1{)}_R$
• Connecting Inflation to the NANOGrav 15-year Data Set via Massive Gravity
• A simple, flexible method for timing cross-calibration of space missions
• Constraints on ultra-slow-roll inflation with the NANOGrav 15-Year Dataset
• Detecting the heterodyning of gravitational waves
• An effective model for the tidal disruption of satellites undergoing minor mergers with axisymmetric primaries
• Exploring the Orbital Alignments of Galactic Close White Dwarf Binaries with LISA
• Relic gravitons and non-stationary processes
• The Host Galaxies of PTA Sources: Converting Supermassive BH Binary Parameters into EM Observables
• Rapid Construction of Joint Pulsar Timing Array Datasets: The Lite Method
• Resolving Individual Signals in the Presence of Stochastic Background in Future Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Tensor bispectrum mediated by an excited scalar field during inflation
• Non-linear effects on the Cosmological Gravitational Wave Background anisotropies
• Confronting primordial black holes with LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA and the Einstein Telescope
• Primordial blackhole formation: Exploring chaotic potential with a sharp step via the GLMS perspective
• First astrometric constraints on parity-violation in the gravitational wave background
• Detecting gravitational waves with light
• Accelerating LISA inference with Gaussian processes
• Waveform models for the gravitational-wave memory effect: Extreme mass-ratio limit and final memory offset
• Probing the mass relation between supermassive black holes and dark matter halos at high redshifts by gravitational wave experiments
• Inflation, Proton Decay and Gravitational Waves from Metastable Strings in $SU(4{)}_C\times SU(2{)}_L\times U(1{)}_R$ Model
• Realistic assessment of a single gravitational wave source localization taking into account precise pulsar distances with pulsar timing arrays
• Primordial black holes and scalar-induced gravitational waves from the polynomial attractor model
• Anisotropy of Nanohertz Gravitational Wave Background and Source Clustering from Supermassive Binary Black Holes Based on Cosmological Simulation
• Outflowing shocked gas dominates the NIR H${}_2$ emission from the dual AGN NGC6240
• Detectability of dark matter density distribution via gravitational waves from binary black holes in the Galactic center
• A narrow-band parameterization for the stochastic gravitational wave background
• Log-periodic gravitational-wave background beyond Einstein gravity
• An SZ-Like Effect on Cosmological Gravitational Wave Backgrounds
• DeepSSM: an emulator of gravitational wave spectra from sound waves during cosmological first-order phase transitions
• Primary gravitational waves at high frequencies I: Origin of suppression in the power spectrum
• Searching for supermassive black holes binaries within SRG/eROSITA-De I: Properties of the X-ray selected candidates
• Radiative symmetry breaking from the on-shell perspective
• Fundamental quantum limits for detecting ultrahigh frequency gravitational waves
• Can a time evolving, asymmetric broad line region mimic a massive black hole binary?
• Probing supermassive black hole scalarization with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Stellar Stripping and Disruption in Disks around Supermassive Black Hole Binaries: Repeating nuclear transients prior to LISA events
• Implications of pulsar timing arrays for Gauss-Bonnet Inflation
• The systemic recoil velocity distribution and the scale height of field millisecond pulsar systems: Implications on neutron star retention fractions in star clusters
• Efficient prescription to search for linear gravitational wave memory from hyperbolic black hole encounters and its application to the NANOGrav 12.5-year dataset
• Is PSR J0514$-$4002E in a PBH-NS binary?
• Search for the non-linearities of gravitational wave background in NANOGrav 15-year data set
• Black holes as telescopes: Discovering supermassive binaries through quasi-periodic lensed starlight
• Self-Interacting Dark-Matter Spikes and the Final-Parsec Problem: Bayesian constraints from the NANOGrav 15-Year Gravitational-Wave Background
• Hemisphere-averaged Hellings-Downs curve between pulsar pairs for a gravitational wave source
• Accurate pulsar timing array residual variances and correlation of the stochastic gravitational wave background
• Signature of polarized ultralight vector dark matter in pulsar timing arrays
• Scalar-induced gravitational waves in spatially covariant gravity
• Rapid inference for individual binaries and a stochastic background with pulsar timing array data
• Lensing point-spread function of coherent astrophysical sources and non-trivial wave effects
• Improving DM estimates using low-frequency scattering-broadening estimates
• Scalar-induced gravitational waves including isocurvature perturbations with lattice simulations
• Gravitational wave and dark matter from Axion-Higgs string
• Theoretical Radio Signals from Radio-Band Gravitational Waves Converted from the Neutron Star Magnetic Field
• Finite Populations & Finite Time: The Non-Gaussianity of a Gravitational Wave Background
• Perturbative limits on axion-SU(2) gauge dynamics during inflation from the energy density of spin-2 particles
• Fundamental Physics in 2025: Status, Decisive Targets, and Path Forward
• How large are curvature perturbations from slow first-order phase transitions? A gauge-invariant analysis
• An updated constraint for the Gravitational Wave Background from the Gamma-ray Pulsar Timing Array
• Exploring the anisotropic gravitational wave background from all-sky mock gravitational wave event catalogues
• Detecting milli-Hz gravitational waves with optical resonators
• Long-term Timing Results of Ecliptic Pulsars Observed with I-LOFAR
• Hybrid inflation and gravitational waves from accidentally light scalars
• Cosmological scaling of precursor domain walls
• Multi-messenger Astronomy with Quenched Superradiance
• Postsphaleron darkogenesis
• Multiwavelength identification of millisecond pulsar candidates in the Galactic bulge
• The impact of outliers on pulsar timing arrays
• Quantum sensing of high-frequency gravitational waves with ion crystals
• Reheating after the Supercooled Phase Transitions with Radiative Symmetry Breaking
• Observable Gravitational Wave Strain at Second Order
• Comprehensive analysis of dissipative effects in the induced gravitational waves
• Primordial Black Holes from Spatially Varying Cosmological Constant Induced by Field Fluctuations in Extra Dimensions
• LISA and $\gamma$-ray telescopes as multi-messenger probes of a first-order cosmological phase transition
• Multi-wavelength properties of $z\gtrsim 6$ LISA detectable events
• SageNet: Fast Neural Network Emulation of the Stiff-amplified Gravitational Waves from Inflation
• Constraints on High-Frequency Gravitational Waves from Graviton-Photon Conversion in the M87 Galaxy
• Detectability of massive binary black holes with sub-mHz gravitational wave missions
• Outer Solar System spacecraft to probe the $\mu$Hz gravitational wave frontier
• The polarimetric response of the Nançay Radio Telescope and its impact on precision pulsar timing
• Probing baryogenesis with gravitational waves
• On the calculation of p-values for quadratic statistics in Pulsar Timing Arrays
• High-Redshift Merger Model for Low-Frequency Gravitational Wave Background
• Stochastic gravitational wave background anisotropies from inflation with non-Bunch-Davies states
• Cylindrical Gravitational Waves in Einstein-Aether Theory
• Astrophysical and Cosmological Relevance of the High-Frequency Features in the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background
• Identifying the Quadrupolar Nature of Gravitational Wave Background through Space-based Missions
• Gravitational Lensing of Gravitational Waves from Astrophysical Sources: Theory, Detection, and Applications
• The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Customized Chromatic Noise Models
• Estimating the gravitational wave background anisotropy: a Bayesian approach boosted by cross-correlation angular power spectrum
• General Fourier expansion of post-Newtonian binary dynamics based on a quasi-Keplerian framework
• Elastic Scattering of Cosmological Gravitational Wave Backgrounds: Primordial Black Holes and Stellar Objects
• From $U(1)\times U(1)$ Symmetry Breaking to Majoron Cosmology: Insights from NANOGrav 15-year Data
• Spontaneous baryogenesis and generation of gravitational waves in a new model of quintessential $\alpha$-attractor
• Gravitational waves from dark domain walls
• Overmassive and Undermassive Massive Black Holes: The Role of Environment and Gravitational-Wave Recoils
• Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Observations of supermassive black hole binary candidates. Strong sinusoidal variations at 95, 147 and 225 GHz in PKS 2131$-$021 and PKS J0805$-$0111
• Eikonal gravitational-wave lensing in Einstein-aether theory
• Collapsing domain walls with ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$-violating coupling to thermalized fermions and their impact on gravitational wave detections
• Gauge-independent Gravitational Waves from Cogenesis in a $B-L$ Conserving Universe
• First Light And Reionization Epoch Simulations (FLARES) -- XIX: Supermassive black hole mergers in the early Universe and their environmental dependence
• Initial acquisition requirements for optical cavities in the space gravitational wave antennae DECIGO and B-DECIGO
• Flattened bispectrum of the scalar-induced gravitational waves
• Charged spherically symmetric black holes in the Lyra geometry and a preliminary investigation on the overcharging process
• Evaluating statistical significance for massive black hole binary mergers with space-based gravitational wave detectors
• Time-dependent deflection reconstruction: new technique to search for gravitational waves with the cosmic microwave background
• Measuring black hole spin through gravitational lensing of pulsars
• Extending the micro-Hertz detection horizons via orbital resonance effect for geocentric gravitational wave antennas
• Repulsive quantum gravitoelectric-gravitomagnetic interaction
• Off-center black hole seed formation? Implications for high and low redshift massive black holes
• Spin and flavor oscillations of neutrinos in gravitational fields
• Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves in Palatini $f(R)$ Gravity
• Pulsar timing array analysis in a Legendre polynomial basis
• A simple example of "non-minimal" Pre-Big Bang scenario
• Assessing the performance of future space-based detectors: Astrophysical foregrounds and individual sources
• Gravitational lensing of gravitational waves: universal characteristics of strongly lensed memory waveforms
• Superconducting Strings in $E_6$
• Searching Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background Landscape Across Frequency Bands
• Model-agnostic gravitational-wave background characterization algorithm
• Applicability of multi-component study on Bayesian searches for targeted anisotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background
• Testing No slip model with pulsar timing arrays: NANOGrav and IPTA
• Revisiting the Origin of the Universe and the Arrow of Time
• Pulsars identified in the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey at 144 MHz
• Gravitational Waves from Gauge Quanta Produced during Inflation
• Gravitational Wave Mountains: current-carrying domain walls
• Rapid sinking and efficient mergers of supermassive black holes in compact high-redshift galaxies
• Fast, dust-poor outflows in the local candidate dual AGN MCG-03-34-64 observed with VLT/ERIS
• Upper limits on microhertz gravitational waves from supermassive black-hole binaries using PSR J1909-3744 data from the second IPTA data release
• Circularly polarized gravitational waves from parity-violating scalar-tensor theory
• Linear perturbations of an exact gravitational wave in the Bianchi IV universe
• Spacetime in motion: an evolving relativistic binary black hole metric for GIZMO
• Can we hear beats with pulsar timing arrays?
• High Sensitivity Methodologies to Detect Radio Band Gravitational Waves
• Gravitational Wave Measurement of the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$-$M_{\mathrm{bulge}}$ Intrinsic Scatter at High Redshift
• Purely quadratic non-Gaussianity from tachyonic instability: Primordial black holes and scalar-induced gravitational waves
• Hawking area law in quantum gravity
• Pulsar scintillation studies with LOFAR III. Annual variations in PSR~J0814$+$7429
• Bayesian leave-one-out cross-validation for astrophysical model comparison using gravitational-wave background data
• Full analytic expressions of overlap reduction functions for anisotropies of the stochastic gravitational-wave background with pulsar timing arrays
• A Population Study for Searching Supermassive Binary Black Holes in Active Galactic Nuclei: Continuum Spectral Features and Periodic Variabilities
• Massive black holes and their galaxies
• Measuring the crust-superfluid coupling time-scale for 105 UTMOST pulsars with a Kalman filter
• Bispectrum of induced gravitational waves in the poltergeist mechanism
• Stochastic gravitational wave background due to core collapse resulting in neutron stars
• Distinguishing gravity theories with networks of space-based gravitational-wave detectors
• Mutated hilltop inflation in light of Planck/ACT observations
• Ultralight scalar dark matter versus nonadiabatic perfect fluid dark matter in pulsar timing
• Spatial Correlation between Pulsars from Interfering Gravitational-Wave Sources in Massive Gravity
• Detection of the stochastic gravitational wave background with the space-borne gravitational-wave detector network