Search for an isotropic gravitational-wave background with the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array

Abstract

Pulsar timing arrays aim to detect nanohertz-frequency gravitational waves (GWs). A background of GWs modulates pulsar arrival times and manifests as a stochastic process, common to all pulsars, with a signature spatial correlation. Here we describe a search for an isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) using observations of 30 millisecond pulsars from the third data release of the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA), which spans 18 years. Using current Bayesian inference techniques we recover and characterize a common-spectrum noise process. Represented as a strain spectrum $h_c=A(f/1{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}{)}^{\alpha }$, we measure $A=3.1_{-0.9}^{+1.3}\times 10^{-15}$ and $\alpha =-0.45\pm 0.20$ respectively (median and 68% credible interval). For a spectral index of $\alpha =-2/3$, corresponding to an isotropic background of GWs radiated by inspiraling supermassive black hole binaries, we recover an amplitude of $A=2.04_{-0.22}^{+0.25}\times 10^{-15}$. However, we demonstrate that the apparent signal strength is time-dependent, as the first half of our data set can be used to place an upper limit on $A$ that is in tension with the inferred common-spectrum amplitude using the complete data set. We search for spatial correlations in the observations by hierarchically analyzing individual pulsar pairs, which also allows for significance validation through randomizing pulsar positions on the sky. For a process with $\alpha =-2/3$, we measure spatial correlations consistent with a GWB, with an estimated false-alarm probability of $p\lesssim 0.02$ (approx. $2\sigma$). The long timing baselines of the PPTA and the access to southern pulsars will continue to play an important role in the International Pulsar Timing Array.

19 pages, 10 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJL

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• Dissecting the nanoHz gravitational wave sky: frequency-correlated anisotropy induced by eccentric supermassive black hole binaries
• Cosmic Strings from Tribrid Inflation
• Can asteroid-mass PBHDM be compatible with catalyzed phase transition interpretation of PTA?
• Ultra-low-frequency gravitational waves from individual supermassive black hole binaries as standard sirens
• Electromagnetic field in a cavity induced by gravitational waves
• An analytical approximation of the evolution of the primordial curvature perturbation in the ultraslow-roll inflation
• Gravitational wave footprints from Higgs-portal scalegenesis with multiple dark chiral scalars
• Propagation and lensing of gravitational waves in Palatini $f(\hat{R})$ gravity
• Unveiling the existence of nontensorial gravitational-wave polarizations from individual supermassive black hole binaries with pulsar timing arrays
• The NANOGrav 15 yr data set: Posterior predictive checks for gravitational-wave detection with pulsar timing arrays
• Dynamical Lensing Tomography of Black Hole Ringdown
• Acquiring the Lefschetz thimbles: efficient evaluation of the diffraction integral for lensing in wave optics
• Non-Abelian Domain Walls and Gravitational Waves
• On Variation of Light Curves and Broad Emission Lines for Periodic QSOs from co-rotating Supermassive binary black holes in elliptical orbits
• Reconstructing the LISA massive black hole binary population via iterative kernel density estimation
• Reconciling PTA and JWST and preparing for LISA with POMPOCO: a Parametrisation Of the Massive black hole POpulation for Comparison to Observations
• Exploring the multiband gravitational wave background with a semi-analytic galaxy formation model
• Pulsar timing and polarimetry: results and perspectives
• The impact of large-scale galaxy clustering on the variance of the Hellings-Downs correlation: numerical results
• Spin-Flavor Oscillations of Relic Neutrinos in Primordial Magnetic Field
• Gravitational Waves from Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter Spikes
• Polarization Properties of the Electromagnetic Response to High-frequency Gravitational Wave
• Inferring Mbh-Mbulge Evolution from the Gravitational Wave Background
• Statistics of the supermassive black hole gravitational wave background anisotropy
• Constraining inflation with nonminimal derivative coupling with the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array third data release
• Gravitational wave background from primordial black holes in globular clusters
• Searching for Anisotropy in the Gravitational Wave Background Using the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array
• Pulsar Polarization Array Limits on Ultralight Axion-like Dark Matter
• Optical ultra-stable optical clock cavities as resonant mass gravitational wave detectors in search for new physics
• Gravitational waves from axion inflation in the gradient expansion formalism. Part I. Pure axion inflation
• Cosmology on a Gravitational Wave Background
• Supercooled Dark Scalar Phase Transitions explanation of NANOGrav data
• Probing Spin-2 Ultralight Dark Matter with Space-based Gravitational Wave Detectors in the mHz Regime
• PETRA: From the LISA global fit to a catalog of Galactic binaries
• Reconstructing early universe evolution with gravitational waves from supercooled phase transitions
• Multimodality in the Search for New Physics in Pulsar Timing Data and the Case of Kination-amplified Gravitational-wave Background from Inflation
• On the anisotropies of the cosmological gravitational-wave background from pulsar timing array observations
• Relic gravitons and pulsar timing arrays: a theoretical viewpoint
• Gravitational waves from vacuum bubbles: Ultraviolet dependence on wall thickness
• Detectability of dark matter density distribution via gravitational waves from binary black holes in the Galactic center
• Anisotropy of Nanohertz Gravitational Wave Background and Source Clustering from Supermassive Binary Black Holes Based on Cosmological Simulation
• Variability, polarimetry, and timing properties of single pulses from PSR J2222-0137 using FAST
• Testing quantum gravity with primordial gravitational waves
• Constraints on ultra-slow-roll inflation with the NANOGrav 15-Year Dataset
• Non-linear effects on the Cosmological Gravitational Wave Background anisotropies
• Accelerating LISA inference with Gaussian processes
• An effective model for the tidal disruption of satellites undergoing minor mergers with axisymmetric primaries
• Constraints on the Sharpness of the Curvature Power Spectrum
• Probing the mass relation between supermassive black holes and dark matter halos at high redshifts by gravitational wave experiments
• Rapid Construction of Joint Pulsar Timing Array Datasets: The Lite Method
• Realistic assessment of a single gravitational wave source localization taking into account precise pulsar distances with pulsar timing arrays
• Supersymmetric hybrid inflation and current-carrying metastable cosmic strings in $SU(4{)}_c\times SU(2{)}_L\times U(1{)}_R$
• Connecting Inflation to the NANOGrav 15-year Data Set via Massive Gravity
• Log-periodic gravitational-wave background beyond Einstein gravity
• First astrometric constraints on parity-violation in the gravitational wave background
• Inflation, Proton Decay and Gravitational Waves from Metastable Strings in $SU(4{)}_C\times SU(2{)}_L\times U(1{)}_R$ Model
• The Host Galaxies of PTA Sources: Converting Supermassive BH Binary Parameters into EM Observables
• Exploring the Orbital Alignments of Galactic Close White Dwarf Binaries with LISA
• Resolving Individual Signals in the Presence of Stochastic Background in Future Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Confronting primordial black holes with LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA and the Einstein Telescope
• Relic gravitons and non-stationary processes
• Primary gravitational waves at high frequencies I: Origin of suppression in the power spectrum
• Reconstructing inflationary potential from NANOGrav 15-year Data: A robust study using Non-Bunch Davies initial condition
• Tensor bispectrum mediated by an excited scalar field during inflation
• Detecting gravitational waves with light
• Detecting the heterodyning of gravitational waves
• Waveform models for the gravitational-wave memory effect: Extreme mass-ratio limit and final memory offset
• A narrow-band parameterization for the stochastic gravitational wave background
• DeepSSM: an emulator of gravitational wave spectra from sound waves during cosmological first-order phase transitions
• Analysis of the Gravitational Wave Background Using Gamma-Ray Pulsar Timing Arrays with Next-Generation Detectors
• Efficient prescription to search for linear gravitational wave memory from hyperbolic black hole encounters and its application to the NANOGrav 12.5-year dataset
• Is PSR J0514$-$4002E in a PBH-NS binary?
• Search for the non-linearities of gravitational wave background in NANOGrav 15-year data set
• Hemisphere-averaged Hellings-Downs curve between pulsar pairs for a gravitational wave source
• In Search of the Biggest Bangs since the Big Bang
• Hybrid inflation and gravitational waves from accidentally light scalars
• Bubbles kick off primordial black holes to form more binaries
• Cosmological scaling of precursor domain walls
• Multi-messenger Astronomy with Quenched Superradiance
• Radiative symmetry breaking from the on-shell perspective
• Accurate pulsar timing array residual variances and correlation of the stochastic gravitational wave background
• Signal-to-noise Ratio Analytic Formulae of the Inspiral Binary Black Holes in TianQin
• Lensing point-spread function of coherent astrophysical sources and non-trivial wave effects
• Scalar-induced gravitational wave from domain wall perturbation
• Exploring the anisotropic gravitational wave background from all-sky mock gravitational wave event catalogues
• Rapid inference for individual binaries and a stochastic background with pulsar timing array data
• Gravitational wave and dark matter from Axion-Higgs string
• Theoretical Radio Signals from Radio-Band Gravitational Waves Converted from the Neutron Star Magnetic Field
• Improving DM estimates using low-frequency scattering-broadening estimates
• Fundamental quantum limits for detecting ultrahigh frequency gravitational waves
• Can a time evolving, asymmetric broad line region mimic a massive black hole binary?
• Probing supermassive black hole scalarization with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Implications of pulsar timing arrays for Gauss-Bonnet Inflation
• The systemic recoil velocity distribution and the scale height of field millisecond pulsar systems: Implications on neutron star retention fractions in star clusters
• Magnetogenesis from Sawtooth Coupling: Gravitational Wave Probe of Reheating
• Black holes as telescopes: Discovering supermassive binaries through quasi-periodic lensed starlight
• Self-Interacting Dark-Matter Spikes and the Final-Parsec Problem: Bayesian constraints from the NANOGrav 15-Year Gravitational-Wave Background
• Signature of polarized ultralight vector dark matter in pulsar timing arrays
• Scalar-induced gravitational waves in spatially covariant gravity
• Gravitational waves from axion inflation in the gradient expansion formalism. Part II. Fermionic axion inflation
• Scalar-induced gravitational waves including isocurvature perturbations with lattice simulations
• Finite Populations & Finite Time: The Non-Gaussianity of a Gravitational Wave Background
• Perturbative limits on axion-SU(2) gauge dynamics during inflation from the energy density of spin-2 particles
• How large are curvature perturbations from slow first-order phase transitions? A gauge-invariant analysis
• An updated constraint for the Gravitational Wave Background from the Gamma-ray Pulsar Timing Array
• Searching for continuous gravitational waves in the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array Data Release 3
• Modified cosmology through generalized mass-to-horizon entropy: implications for structure growth and primordial gravitational waves
• Detecting milli-Hz gravitational waves with optical resonators
• Searching for supermassive black holes binaries within SRG/eROSITA-De I: Properties of the X-ray selected candidates
• Long-term Timing Results of Ecliptic Pulsars Observed with I-LOFAR
• Insights into Supermassive Black Hole Mergers from the Gravitational Wave Background
• Observable Gravitational Wave Strain at Second Order
• Astrophysical and Cosmological Relevance of the High-Frequency Features in the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background
• Black hole merger rates for LISA and LGWA from semi-analytical modelling of light seeds
• Gravitational Lensing of Gravitational Waves from Astrophysical Sources: Theory, Detection, and Applications
• The impact of outliers on pulsar timing arrays
• The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Customized Chromatic Noise Models
• From $U(1)\times U(1)$ Symmetry Breaking to Majoron Cosmology: Insights from NANOGrav 15-year Data
• High-Redshift Merger Model for Low-Frequency Gravitational Wave Background
• Overmassive and Undermassive Massive Black Holes: The Role of Environment and Gravitational-Wave Recoils
• Eikonal gravitational-wave lensing in Einstein-aether theory
• Inflationary gravitational wave background as a tail effect
• Multiwavelength identification of millisecond pulsar candidates in the Galactic bulge
• Gauge-independent Gravitational Waves from Cogenesis in a $B-L$ Conserving Universe
• Gravitational waves from dark domain walls
• Primordial Black Holes from Spatially Varying Cosmological Constant Induced by Field Fluctuations in Extra Dimensions
• Prediction for Maximum Supercooling in SU(N) Confinement Transition
• Outer Solar System spacecraft to probe the $\mu$Hz gravitational wave frontier
• Cylindrical Gravitational Waves in Einstein-Aether Theory
• Estimating the gravitational wave background anisotropy: a Bayesian approach boosted by cross-correlation angular power spectrum
• Spontaneous baryogenesis and generation of gravitational waves in a new model of quintessential $\alpha$-attractor
• First Light And Reionization Epoch Simulations (FLARES) -- XIX: Supermassive black hole mergers in the early Universe and their environmental dependence
• General Fourier expansion of post-Newtonian binary dynamics based on a quasi-Keplerian framework
• Comprehensive analysis of dissipative effects in the induced gravitational waves
• Reheating after the Supercooled Phase Transitions with Radiative Symmetry Breaking
• The polarimetric response of the Nançay Radio Telescope and its impact on precision pulsar timing
• SageNet: Fast Neural Network Emulation of the Stiff-amplified Gravitational Waves from Inflation
• Stochastic gravitational wave background anisotropies from inflation with non-Bunch-Davies states
• Detectability of massive binary black holes with sub-mHz gravitational wave missions
• Collapsing domain walls with ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$-violating coupling to thermalized fermions and their impact on gravitational wave detections
• Supercooled Audible Axions
• Searching for unresolved massive black hole pairs through AGN photometric variability
• Supermassive black hole formation in the initial collapse of axion dark matter
• On the calculation of p-values for quadratic statistics in Pulsar Timing Arrays
• LISA and $\gamma$-ray telescopes as multi-messenger probes of a first-order cosmological phase transition
• Quantum sensing of high-frequency gravitational waves with ion crystals
• Identifying the Quadrupolar Nature of Gravitational Wave Background through Space-based Missions
• Constraints on High-Frequency Gravitational Waves from Graviton-Photon Conversion in the M87 Galaxy
• Postsphaleron darkogenesis
• Initial acquisition requirements for optical cavities in the space gravitational wave antennae DECIGO and B-DECIGO
• Repulsive quantum gravitoelectric-gravitomagnetic interaction
• Gravitational Wave Mountains: current-carrying domain walls
• Detection of the stochastic gravitational wave background with the space-borne gravitational-wave detector network
• Model-agnostic gravitational-wave background characterization algorithm
• Distinguishing gravity theories with networks of space-based gravitational-wave detectors
• Revisiting the Origin of the Universe and the Arrow of Time
• Testing No slip model with pulsar timing arrays: NANOGrav and IPTA
• Can we hear beats with pulsar timing arrays?
• Stochastic gravitational wave background due to core collapse resulting in neutron stars
• Off-center black hole seed formation? Implications for high and low redshift massive black holes
• Assessing the performance of future space-based detectors: Astrophysical foregrounds and individual sources
• Gravitational lensing of gravitational waves: universal characteristics of strongly lensed memory waveforms
• Superconducting Strings in $E_6$
• Searching Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background Landscape Across Frequency Bands
• Pulsars identified in the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey at 144 MHz
• Measuring the speed of scalar induced gravitational waves from observations
• Gravitational Waves and Primordial Black Holes produced by Dark Meta Stable Vacuum Decay
• Upper limits on microhertz gravitational waves from supermassive black-hole binaries using PSR J1909-3744 data from the second IPTA data release
• Linear perturbations of an exact gravitational wave in the Bianchi IV universe
• Spacetime in motion: an evolving relativistic binary black hole metric for GIZMO
• Applicability of multi-component study on Bayesian searches for targeted anisotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background
• High Sensitivity Methodologies to Detect Radio Band Gravitational Waves
• Gravitational Wave Measurement of the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$-$M_{\mathrm{bulge}}$ Intrinsic Scatter at High Redshift
• Purely quadratic non-Gaussianity from tachyonic instability: Primordial black holes and scalar-induced gravitational waves
• Hawking area law in quantum gravity
• Neutron Portal and Dark Matter-Baryon Coincidence: from UV Completion to Phenomenology
• Pulsar scintillation studies with LOFAR III. Annual variations in PSR~J0814$+$7429
• Bayesian leave-one-out cross-validation for astrophysical model comparison using gravitational-wave background data
• Gravitational-wave standard sirens and application in cosmology
• Full analytic expressions of overlap reduction functions for anisotropies of the stochastic gravitational-wave background with pulsar timing arrays
• A Population Study for Searching Supermassive Binary Black Holes in Active Galactic Nuclei: Continuum Spectral Features and Periodic Variabilities
• Measuring the crust-superfluid coupling time-scale for 105 UTMOST pulsars with a Kalman filter
• Bispectrum of induced gravitational waves in the poltergeist mechanism
• Ultralight scalar dark matter versus nonadiabatic perfect fluid dark matter in pulsar timing
• Flattened bispectrum of the scalar-induced gravitational waves
• Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves in Palatini $f(R)$ Gravity
• Charged spherically symmetric black holes in the Lyra geometry and a preliminary investigation on the overcharging process
• Evaluating statistical significance for massive black hole binary mergers with space-based gravitational wave detectors
• Spatial Correlation between Pulsars from Interfering Gravitational-Wave Sources in Massive Gravity
• A simple example of "non-minimal" Pre-Big Bang scenario