Search for an isotropic gravitational-wave background with the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array

Abstract

Pulsar timing arrays aim to detect nanohertz-frequency gravitational waves (GWs). A background of GWs modulates pulsar arrival times and manifests as a stochastic process, common to all pulsars, with a signature spatial correlation. Here we describe a search for an isotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background (GWB) using observations of 30 millisecond pulsars from the third data release of the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA), which spans 18 years. Using current Bayesian inference techniques we recover and characterize a common-spectrum noise process. Represented as a strain spectrum $h_c=A(f/1{\mathrm{yr}}^{-1}{)}^{\alpha }$, we measure $A=3.1_{-0.9}^{+1.3}\times 10^{-15}$ and $\alpha =-0.45\pm 0.20$ respectively (median and 68% credible interval). For a spectral index of $\alpha =-2/3$, corresponding to an isotropic background of GWs radiated by inspiraling supermassive black hole binaries, we recover an amplitude of $A=2.04_{-0.22}^{+0.25}\times 10^{-15}$. However, we demonstrate that the apparent signal strength is time-dependent, as the first half of our data set can be used to place an upper limit on $A$ that is in tension with the inferred common-spectrum amplitude using the complete data set. We search for spatial correlations in the observations by hierarchically analyzing individual pulsar pairs, which also allows for significance validation through randomizing pulsar positions on the sky. For a process with $\alpha =-2/3$, we measure spatial correlations consistent with a GWB, with an estimated false-alarm probability of $p\lesssim 0.02$ (approx. $2\sigma$). The long timing baselines of the PPTA and the access to southern pulsars will continue to play an important role in the International Pulsar Timing Array.

arXiv comment19 pages, 10 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJL

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• Astrometry meets Pulsar Timing Arrays: Synergies for Gravitational Wave Detection
• Choosing suitable noise models for nanohertz gravitational-wave astrophysics
• Regularizing the Pulsar Timing Array likelihood: A path towards Fourier Space
• Reading signatures of supermassive binary black holes in pulsar timing array observations
• Dark Matter Spike surrounding Supermassive Black Holes Binary and the Nanohertz Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background
• The NANOGrav 12.5-Year Data Set: Probing Interstellar Turbulence and Precision Pulsar Timing with PSR J1903+0327
• What is the origin of the JWST SMBHs?
• Memory of a Random Walk: Astrometric deflections from gravitational wave memory accumulation over cosmological scales
• Tracking on-the-fly massive black hole binary evolution and coalescence in galaxy simulations: RAMCOAL
• Gravitational waves from supercooled phase transitions in conformal Majoron models of neutrino mass
• Radio and gamma-ray timing of TRAPUM L-band Fermi pulsar survey discoveries
• Effects of nucleon-nucleon short-range correlation and symmetry energy on the evolution of newly born magnetars
• Implications for Pulsar Timing Arrays of Sub-solar Black Hole Detections: From LVK to Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer
• Hot, cold, and multi-component accretion flows around supermassive black hole binaries
• Probing Self-Interacting Dark Matter via Gravitational-Wave Background from Eccentric Supermassive Black Hole Mergers
• Gravitational wave signals from primordial black holes orbiting solar-type stars
• Premature supermassive black hole mergers in cosmological simulations of structure formation
• Probing intermediate-mass black hole binaries with the Lunar Gravitational-wave Antenna
• Is your stochastic signal really detectable?
• Mitigating cosmic variance in the Hellings-Downs curve: a Cosmic Microwave Background analogy
• Impact of the observation frequency coverage on the significance of a gravitational wave background detection in PTA data
• Signatures of Massive Black Hole Merger Host Galaxies from Cosmological Simulations II: Unique Stellar Kinematics in Integral Field Unit Spectroscopy
• Exploring pulsar timing precision: A comparative study of polarization calibration methods for NANOGrav data from the Green Bank Telescope
• Primordial Black Holes and Gravitational Waves in the $U(1{)}_{B-L}$ Extended Inert Doublet Model: A First-Order Phase Transition Perspective
• Parity-violating primordial gravitational waves from null energy condition violation
• Accretion mediated spin-eccentricity correlations in LISA massive black hole binaries
• Non-Gaussianities and Primordial Black Holes
• The LISA forecast on a smooth crossover beyond the Standard Model through the scalar-induced gravitational waves
• Climbing over the potential barrier during inflation via null energy condition violation
• Improving the detection sensitivity to primordial stochastic gravitational waves with reduced astrophysical foregrounds. II. Subthreshold binary neutron stars
• Unbiased estimation of gravitational-wave anisotropies from noisy data
• Relic Gravitational Waves from the Chiral Plasma Instability in the Standard Cosmological Model
• Pulsar Polarization Array Limits on Ultralight Axion-like Dark Matter
• Reconciling PTA and JWST and preparing for LISA with POMPOCO: a Parametrisation Of the Massive black hole POpulation for Comparison to Observations
• Ultra-low-frequency gravitational waves from individual supermassive black hole binaries as standard sirens
• On Variation of Light Curves and Broad Emission Lines for Periodic QSOs from co-rotating Supermassive binary black holes in elliptical orbits
• Constraining inflation with nonminimal derivative coupling with the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array third data release
• Statistics of the supermassive black hole gravitational wave background anisotropy
• Gravitational waves from axion inflation in the gradient expansion formalism. Part I. Pure axion inflation
• Chiral Gravitational Wave Background from Audible Axion via Nieh-Yan Term
• Spin-Flavor Oscillations of Relic Neutrinos in Primordial Magnetic Field
• The impact of large-scale galaxy clustering on the variance of the Hellings-Downs correlation: numerical results
• Gravitational Waves from Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter Spikes
• Gravitational wave footprints from Higgs-portal scalegenesis with multiple dark chiral scalars
• Gravitational waves from vacuum bubbles: Ultraviolet dependence on wall thickness
• Polarization Properties of the Electromagnetic Response to High-frequency Gravitational Wave
• Relic gravitons and pulsar timing arrays: a theoretical viewpoint
• Propagation and lensing of gravitational waves in Palatini $f(\hat{R})$ gravity
• On the anisotropies of the cosmological gravitational-wave background from pulsar timing array observations
• Multimodality in the Search for New Physics in Pulsar Timing Data and the Case of Kination-amplified Gravitational-wave Background from Inflation
• Reconstructing early universe evolution with gravitational waves from supercooled phase transitions
• PETRA: From the LISA global fit to a catalog of Galactic binaries
• Probing Spin-2 Ultralight Dark Matter with Space-based Gravitational Wave Detectors in the mHz Regime
• Optical ultra-stable optical clock cavities as resonant mass gravitational wave detectors in search for new physics
• Electromagnetic field in a cavity induced by gravitational waves
• The NANOGrav 15 yr data set: Posterior predictive checks for gravitational-wave detection with pulsar timing arrays
• Cosmic Strings from Tribrid Inflation
• Pulsar timing and polarimetry: results and perspectives
• Exploring the multiband gravitational wave background with a semi-analytic galaxy formation model
• Supercooled Dark Scalar Phase Transitions explanation of NANOGrav data
• Unveiling the existence of nontensorial gravitational-wave polarizations from individual supermassive black hole binaries with pulsar timing arrays
• Searching for Anisotropy in the Gravitational Wave Background Using the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array
• Gravitational wave background from primordial black holes in globular clusters
• Dynamical Lensing Tomography of Black Hole Ringdown
• Can asteroid-mass PBHDM be compatible with catalyzed phase transition interpretation of PTA?
• Dissecting the nanohertz gravitational wave sky: Frequency-correlated anisotropy induced by eccentric supermassive black hole binaries
• Non-Abelian Domain Walls and Gravitational Waves
• Cosmology on a Gravitational Wave Background
• An analytical approximation of the evolution of the primordial curvature perturbation in the ultraslow-roll inflation
• Inferring Mbh-Mbulge Evolution from the Gravitational Wave Background
• Reconstructing the LISA massive black hole binary population via iterative kernel density estimation
• Acquiring the Lefschetz thimbles: efficient evaluation of the diffraction integral for lensing in wave optics
• A narrow-band parameterization for the stochastic gravitational wave background
• Detecting gravitational waves with light
• Confronting primordial black holes with LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA and the Einstein Telescope
• Primary gravitational waves at high frequencies I: Origin of suppression in the power spectrum
• Waveform models for the gravitational-wave memory effect: Extreme mass-ratio limit and final memory offset
• Probing the mass relation between supermassive black holes and dark matter halos at high redshifts by gravitational wave experiments
• Exploring the Orbital Alignments of Galactic Close White Dwarf Binaries with LISA
• Anisotropy of Nanohertz Gravitational Wave Background and Source Clustering from Supermassive Binary Black Holes Based on Cosmological Simulation
• Tensor bispectrum mediated by an excited scalar field during inflation
• Constraints on the Sharpness of the Curvature Power Spectrum
• Connecting Inflation to the NANOGrav 15-year Data Set via Massive Gravity
• Reconstructing inflationary potential from NANOGrav 15-year Data: A robust study using Non-Bunch Davies initial condition
• Constraints on ultra-slow-roll inflation with the NANOGrav 15-Year Dataset
• Non-linear effects on the Cosmological Gravitational Wave Background anisotropies
• Inflation, Proton Decay and Gravitational Waves from Metastable Strings in $SU(4{)}_C\times SU(2{)}_L\times U(1{)}_R$ Model
• DeepSSM: an emulator of gravitational wave spectra from sound waves during cosmological first-order phase transitions
• Detecting the heterodyning of gravitational waves
• Accelerating LISA inference with Gaussian processes
• Rapid Construction of Joint Pulsar Timing Array Datasets: The Lite Method
• Supersymmetric hybrid inflation and current-carrying metastable cosmic strings in $SU(4{)}_c\times SU(2{)}_L\times U(1{)}_R$
• The Host Galaxies of PTA Sources: Converting Supermassive BH Binary Parameters into EM Observables
• Resolving Individual Signals in the Presence of Stochastic Background in Future Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Testing quantum gravity with primordial gravitational waves
• An effective model for the tidal disruption of satellites undergoing minor mergers with axisymmetric primaries
• Relic gravitons and non-stationary processes
• First astrometric constraints on parity-violation in the gravitational wave background
• Log-periodic gravitational-wave background beyond Einstein gravity
• Realistic assessment of a single gravitational wave source localization taking into account precise pulsar distances with pulsar timing arrays
• Variability, polarimetry, and timing properties of single pulses from PSR J2222-0137 using FAST
• Detectability of dark matter density distribution via gravitational waves from binary black holes in the Galactic center
• Radiative symmetry breaking from the on-shell perspective
• Improving DM estimates using low-frequency scattering-broadening estimates
• Long-term Timing Results of Ecliptic Pulsars Observed with I-LOFAR
• Finite Populations & Finite Time: The Non-Gaussianity of a Gravitational Wave Background
• An updated constraint for the Gravitational Wave Background from the Gamma-ray Pulsar Timing Array
• Fundamental quantum limits for detecting ultrahigh frequency gravitational waves
• Searching for continuous gravitational waves in the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array Data Release 3
• Multi-messenger Astronomy with Quenched Superradiance
• Modified cosmology through generalized mass-to-horizon entropy: implications for structure growth and primordial gravitational waves
• Detecting milli-Hz gravitational waves with optical resonators
• Scalar-induced gravitational waves including isocurvature perturbations with lattice simulations
• Hybrid inflation and gravitational waves from accidentally light scalars
• Gravitational waves from axion inflation in the gradient expansion formalism. Part II. Fermionic axion inflation
• Magnetogenesis from Sawtooth Coupling: Gravitational Wave Probe of Reheating
• In Search of the Biggest Bangs since the Big Bang
• Scalar-induced gravitational waves in spatially covariant gravity
• Signature of polarized ultralight vector dark matter in pulsar timing arrays
• Hemisphere-averaged Hellings-Downs curve between pulsar pairs for a gravitational wave source
• Cosmological scaling of precursor domain walls
• Can a time evolving, asymmetric broad line region mimic a massive black hole binary?
• Black holes as telescopes: Discovering supermassive binaries through quasi-periodic lensed starlight
• Probing supermassive black hole scalarization with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Bubbles kick off primordial black holes to form more binaries
• Implications of pulsar timing arrays for Gauss-Bonnet Inflation
• Efficient prescription to search for linear gravitational wave memory from hyperbolic black hole encounters and its application to the NANOGrav 12.5-year dataset
• Lensing point-spread function of coherent astrophysical sources and non-trivial wave effects
• Search for the non-linearities of gravitational wave background in NANOGrav 15-year data set
• Is PSR J0514$-$4002E in a PBH-NS binary?
• Scalar-induced gravitational wave from domain wall perturbation
• Insights into Supermassive Black Hole Mergers from the Gravitational Wave Background
• Exploring the anisotropic gravitational wave background from all-sky mock gravitational wave event catalogues
• Self-Interacting Dark-Matter Spikes and the Final-Parsec Problem: Bayesian constraints from the NANOGrav 15-Year Gravitational-Wave Background
• Analysis of the Gravitational Wave Background Using Gamma-Ray Pulsar Timing Arrays with Next-Generation Detectors
• Rapid inference for individual binaries and a stochastic background with pulsar timing array data
• Signal-to-noise Ratio Analytic Formulae of the Inspiral Binary Black Holes in TianQin
• Gravitational wave and dark matter from Axion-Higgs string
• The systemic recoil velocity distribution and the scale height of field millisecond pulsar systems: Implications on neutron star retention fractions in star clusters
• Theoretical Radio Signals from Radio-Band Gravitational Waves Converted from the Neutron Star Magnetic Field
• Accurate pulsar timing array residual variances and correlation of the stochastic gravitational wave background
• How large are curvature perturbations from slow first-order phase transitions? A gauge-invariant analysis
• Searching for supermassive black holes binaries within SRG/eROSITA-De I: Properties of the X-ray selected candidates
• Perturbative limits on axion-SU(2) gauge dynamics during inflation from the energy density of spin-2 particles
• Prediction for Maximum Supercooling in SU(N) Confinement Transition
• Cylindrical Gravitational Waves in Einstein-Aether Theory
• Gravitational waves from dark domain walls
• Eikonal gravitational-wave lensing in Einstein-aether theory
• High-Redshift Merger Model for Low-Frequency Gravitational Wave Background
• Supermassive black hole formation in the initial collapse of axion dark matter
• The impact of outliers on pulsar timing arrays
• Identifying the Quadrupolar Nature of Gravitational Wave Background through Space-based Missions
• Stochastic gravitational wave background anisotropies from inflation with non-Bunch-Davies states
• Spontaneous baryogenesis and generation of gravitational waves in a new model of quintessential $\alpha$-attractor
• Outer Solar System spacecraft to probe the $\mu$Hz gravitational wave frontier
• Estimating the gravitational wave background anisotropy: a Bayesian approach boosted by cross-correlation angular power spectrum
• Astrophysical and Cosmological Relevance of the High-Frequency Features in the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background
• Collapsing domain walls with ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$-violating coupling to thermalized fermions and their impact on gravitational wave detections
• Supercooled Audible Axions
• SageNet: Fast Neural Network Emulation of the Stiff-amplified Gravitational Waves from Inflation
• First Light And Reionization Epoch Simulations (FLARES) -- XIX: Supermassive black hole mergers in the early Universe and their environmental dependence
• The polarimetric response of the Nançay Radio Telescope and its impact on precision pulsar timing
• Detectability of massive binary black holes with sub-mHz gravitational wave missions
• LISA and $\gamma$-ray telescopes as multi-messenger probes of a first-order cosmological phase transition
• On the calculation of p-values for quadratic statistics in Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Postsphaleron darkogenesis
• Reheating after the Supercooled Phase Transitions with Radiative Symmetry Breaking
• From $U(1)\times U(1)$ Symmetry Breaking to Majoron Cosmology: Insights from NANOGrav 15-year Data
• General Fourier expansion of post-Newtonian binary dynamics based on a quasi-Keplerian framework
• Gauge-independent Gravitational Waves from Cogenesis in a $B-L$ Conserving Universe
• Comprehensive analysis of dissipative effects in the induced gravitational waves
• Quantum sensing of high-frequency gravitational waves with ion crystals
• Observable Gravitational Wave Strain at Second Order
• Black hole merger rates for LISA and LGWA from semi-analytical modelling of light seeds
• Searching for unresolved massive black hole pairs through AGN photometric variability
• Constraints on High-Frequency Gravitational Waves from Graviton-Photon Conversion in the M87 Galaxy
• Gravitational Lensing of Gravitational Waves from Astrophysical Sources: Theory, Detection, and Applications
• The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Customized Chromatic Noise Models
• Overmassive and Undermassive Massive Black Holes: The Role of Environment and Gravitational-Wave Recoils
• Multiwavelength identification of millisecond pulsar candidates in the Galactic bulge
• Inflationary gravitational wave background as a tail effect
• Primordial Black Holes from Spatially Varying Cosmological Constant Induced by Field Fluctuations in Extra Dimensions
• Purely quadratic non-Gaussianity from tachyonic instability: Primordial black holes and scalar-induced gravitational waves
• Hawking area law in quantum gravity
• Testing No slip model with pulsar timing arrays: NANOGrav and IPTA
• Neutron Portal and Dark Matter-Baryon Coincidence: from UV Completion to Phenomenology
• Pulsar scintillation studies with LOFAR III. Annual variations in PSR~J0814$+$7429
• Bayesian leave-one-out cross-validation for astrophysical model comparison using gravitational-wave background data
• Charged spherically symmetric black holes in the Lyra geometry and a preliminary investigation on the overcharging process
• Gravitational-wave standard sirens and application in cosmology
• Measuring the speed of scalar induced gravitational waves from observations
• Full analytic expressions of overlap reduction functions for anisotropies of the stochastic gravitational-wave background with pulsar timing arrays
• A Population Study for Searching Supermassive Binary Black Holes in Active Galactic Nuclei: Continuum Spectral Features and Periodic Variabilities
• Ultralight scalar dark matter versus nonadiabatic perfect fluid dark matter in pulsar timing
• Searching Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background Landscape Across Frequency Bands
• Measuring the crust-superfluid coupling time-scale for 105 UTMOST pulsars with a Kalman filter
• Revisiting the Origin of the Universe and the Arrow of Time
• Bispectrum of induced gravitational waves in the poltergeist mechanism
• Superconducting Strings in $E_6$
• Gravitational lensing of gravitational waves: universal characteristics of strongly lensed memory waveforms
• Assessing the performance of future space-based detectors: Astrophysical foregrounds and individual sources
• Off-center black hole seed formation? Implications for high and low redshift massive black holes
• Prospects for probing supermassive binary black holes in strongly lensed active galactic nuclei via microlensing effects
• Distinguishing gravity theories with networks of space-based gravitational-wave detectors
• Model-agnostic gravitational-wave background characterization algorithm
• A simple example of "non-minimal" Pre-Big Bang scenario
• Spatial Correlation between Pulsars from Interfering Gravitational-Wave Sources in Massive Gravity
• Evaluating statistical significance for massive black hole binary mergers with space-based gravitational wave detectors
• Repulsive quantum gravitoelectric-gravitomagnetic interaction
• Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves in Palatini $f(R)$ Gravity
• Stochastic gravitational wave background due to core collapse resulting in neutron stars
• Flattened bispectrum of the scalar-induced gravitational waves
• Initial acquisition requirements for optical cavities in the space gravitational wave antennae DECIGO and B-DECIGO
• Gravitational Wave Mountains: current-carrying domain walls
• Detection of the stochastic gravitational wave background with the space-borne gravitational-wave detector network
• Can we hear beats with pulsar timing arrays?
• Upper limits on microhertz gravitational waves from supermassive black-hole binaries using PSR J1909-3744 data from the second IPTA data release
• Linear perturbations of an exact gravitational wave in the Bianchi IV universe
• Gravitational Waves and Primordial Black Holes produced by Dark Meta Stable Vacuum Decay
• Pulsars identified in the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey at 144 MHz
• Spacetime in motion: an evolving relativistic binary black hole metric for GIZMO
• High Sensitivity Methodologies to Detect Radio Band Gravitational Waves
• Gravitational Wave Measurement of the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$-$M_{\mathrm{bulge}}$ Intrinsic Scatter at High Redshift
• Applicability of multi-component study on Bayesian searches for targeted anisotropic stochastic gravitational-wave background