Did we hear the sound of the Universe boiling? Analysis using the full fluid velocity profiles and NANOGrav 15-year data

Abstract

In this paper, we analyse sound waves arising from a cosmic phase transition where the full velocity profile is taken into account as an explanation for the gravitational wave spectrum observed by multiple pulsar timing array groups. Unlike the broken power law used in the literature, in this scenario the power law after the peak depends on the macroscopic properties of the phase transition, allowing for a better fit with pulsar timing array (PTA) data. We compare the best fit with that obtained using the usual broken power law and, unsurprisingly, find a better fit with the gravitational wave (GW) spectrum that utilizes the full velocity profile. We then discuss models that can produce the best-fit point and complementary probes using CMB experiments and searches for light particles in DUNE, IceCUBE-Gen2, neutrinoless double beta decay, and forward physics facilities at the LHC like FASER nu, etc.

18 pages, 9 figures, matches the published version in JCAP

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• Scalar induced gravitational waves in light of Pulsar Timing Array data
• Supercooling in Radiative Symmetry Breaking: Theory Extensions, Gravitational Wave Detection and Primordial Black Holes
• Confronting sound speed resonance with pulsar timing arrays
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• Broken blue-tilted inflationary gravitational waves: a joint analysis of NANOGrav 15-year and BICEP/Keck 2018 data
• Exploring the NANOGrav Signal and Planet-mass Primordial Black Holes through Higgs Inflation
• Enhancement of gravitational waves at Q-ball decay including non-linear density perturbations
• Constraints on holographic QCD phase transitions from PTA observations
• Implications of cosmologically coupled black holes for pulsar timing arrays
• Can we distinguish the adiabatic fluctuations and isocurvature fluctuations with pulsar timing arrays?
• Constraining the history of reheating with the NANOGrav 15-year data
• Interpreting Pulsar Timing Array data of Gravitational Waves with Ekpyrosis-Bouncing Cosmology
• Supercooled Dark Scalar Phase Transitions explanation of NANOGrav data
• Chiral symmetry breaking and pion condensation in the early universe
• Bubbles kick off primordial black holes to form more binaries
• From oversimplified to overlooked: the case for exploring Rich Dark Sectors
• Gauge-independent Gravitational Waves from Cogenesis in a $B-L$ Conserving Universe
• Postsphaleron darkogenesis
• Neutron Portal and Dark Matter-Baryon Coincidence: from UV Completion to Phenomenology