Supermassive primordial black holes in multiverse: for nano-Hertz gravitational wave and high-redshift JWST galaxies

Abstract

Recently, observational hints for supermassive black holes have been accumulating, which has inspired ones to wonder: Can primordial black holes (PBHs) be supermassive, in particular with the mass $M\gtrsim 10^9{M}_{\odot }$? A supercritical bubble (with an inflating baby universe inside it) that nucleated during inflation can develop into a PBH in our observable Universe. Here, we find that when the inflaton slowly passes by a neighboring vacuum, the nucleating rate of supercritical bubbles would inevitably attain a peak, so the mass distribution of multiverse PBHs, and the mass of peak can be up to $M\gtrsim 10^{11}{M}_{\odot }$. Thus our mechanism naturally provides a primordial origin of supermassive BHs.

15 pages, 4 figures

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