The NANOGrav 15-year Data Set: Search for Signals from New Physics

Abstract

The 15-year pulsar timing data set collected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) shows positive evidence for the presence of a low-frequency gravitational-wave (GW) background. In this paper, we investigate potential cosmological interpretations of this signal, specifically cosmic inflation, scalar-induced GWs, first-order phase transitions, cosmic strings, and domain walls. We find that, with the exception of stable cosmic strings of field theory origin, all these models can reproduce the observed signal. When compared to the standard interpretation in terms of inspiraling supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs), many cosmological models seem to provide a better fit resulting in Bayes factors in the range from 10 to 100. However, these results strongly depend on modeling assumptions about the cosmic SMBHB population and, at this stage, should not be regarded as evidence for new physics. Furthermore, we identify excluded parameter regions where the predicted GW signal from cosmological sources significantly exceeds the NANOGrav signal. These parameter constraints are independent of the origin of the NANOGrav signal and illustrate how pulsar timing data provide a new way to constrain the parameter space of these models. Finally, we search for deterministic signals produced by models of ultralight dark matter (ULDM) and dark matter substructures in the Milky Way. We find no evidence for either of these signals and thus report updated constraints on these models. In the case of ULDM, these constraints outperform torsion balance and atomic clock constraints for ULDM coupled to electrons, muons, or gluons.

74 pages, 31 figures, 4 tables; published in Astrophysical Journal Letters as part of Focus on NANOGrav's 15-year Data Set and the Gravitational Wave Background. For questions or comments, please email [email protected]

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• Cosmic superstrings in large volume compactifications: PTAs, LISA and time-varying tension
• asimulation: Domain formation and impact on observables in resolved cosmological simulations of the (a)symmetron
• Interplay between the muon $g-2$ anomaly and the PTA nHZ gravitational waves from domain walls in next-to minimal supersymmetric standard model
• Choosing suitable noise models for nanohertz gravitational-wave astrophysics
• Supercooled phase transitions in conformal dark sectors explain NANOGrav data
• Gravitational waves from cosmic strings for pedestrians
• What is the origin of the JWST SMBHs?
• Cold Darkogenesis: Dark Matter and Baryon Asymmetry in Light of the PTA Signal
• Impact of the observation frequency coverage on the significance of a gravitational wave background detection in PTA data
• Primordial black holes in SB SUSY Gauss-Bonnet inflation
• Improving the detection sensitivity to primordial stochastic gravitational waves with reduced astrophysical foregrounds. II. Subthreshold binary neutron stars
• Forecast Analysis of Astrophysical Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background beyond general relativity: A Case Study on Brans-Dicke Gravity
• Implications for Pulsar Timing Arrays of Sub-solar Black Hole Detections: From LVK to Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer
• Insights on the Cosmic Origin of Matter from Proton Stability
• Strong backreaction of gauge quanta produced during inflation
• Bayesian reconstruction of primordial perturbations from induced gravitational waves
• Gravitational wave signals from primordial black holes orbiting solar-type stars
• Relic Gravitational Waves from the Chiral Plasma Instability in the Standard Cosmological Model
• Non-Gaussianities and Primordial Black Holes
• Constraints on Metastable Dark Energy Decaying into Dark Matter
• Climbing over the potential barrier during inflation via null energy condition violation
• Investigating cosmic strings using large-volume hydrodynamical simulations in the context of JWST's massive UV-bright galaxies
• The LISA forecast on a smooth crossover beyond the Standard Model through the scalar-induced gravitational waves
• Gravitational wave energy momentum-tensor in reduced Horndeski theories
• Cosmic Strings from Tribrid Inflation
• Unveiling the existence of nontensorial gravitational-wave polarizations from individual supermassive black hole binaries with pulsar timing arrays
• The NANOGrav 15 yr data set: Posterior predictive checks for gravitational-wave detection with pulsar timing arrays
• Statistics of the supermassive black hole gravitational wave background anisotropy
• Constraining inflation with nonminimal derivative coupling with the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array third data release
• Pulsar Polarization Array Limits on Ultralight Axion-like Dark Matter
• Supercooled Dark Scalar Phase Transitions explanation of NANOGrav data
• Multimodality in the Search for New Physics in Pulsar Timing Data and the Case of Kination-amplified Gravitational-wave Background from Inflation
• On the anisotropies of the cosmological gravitational-wave background from pulsar timing array observations
• Effects of eccentricity on accreting binary black holes: MHD simulations in full GR reveal novel periodicities in jet power and synchrotron spectra
• Can asteroid-mass PBHDM be compatible with catalyzed phase transition interpretation of PTA?
• Detecting gravitational signatures of dark matter with atom gradiometers
• Primordial black holes and magnetic fields in conformal neutrino mass models
• Cosmic Strings as Dynamical Dark Energy: Novel Constraints
• Hitchhiker's Guide to the Swampland: The Cosmologist's Handbook to the string-theoretical Swampland Programme
• Beware of the running $n_s$ when producing heavy primordial black holes
• Can the NANOGrav observations constrain the geometry of the universe?
• Pulsar timing and polarimetry: results and perspectives
• Environmental cosmic acceleration from a phase transition in the dark sector
• Resolving Individual Signals in the Presence of Stochastic Background in Future Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Rapid Construction of Joint Pulsar Timing Array Datasets: The Lite Method
• Inflation, Proton Decay and Gravitational Waves from Metastable Strings in $SU(4{)}_C\times SU(2{)}_L\times U(1{)}_R$ Model
• Precise interpretations of traditional fine-tuning measures
• Constraints on the Sharpness of the Curvature Power Spectrum
• Primordial Black Holes and Second-order Gravitational Waves in Axion-like Hybrid Inflation
• Primordial black holes and scalar-induced gravitational waves from the polynomial attractor model
• Non-linear effects on the Cosmological Gravitational Wave Background anisotropies
• A narrow-band parameterization for the stochastic gravitational wave background
• Self-consistent interaction of linear gravitational and electromagnetic waves in non-magnetized plasma
• Cosmological consequences of statistical inhomogeneity
• Two types of quasinormal modes of Casadio-Fabbri-Mazzacurati brane-world black holes
• First astrometric constraints on parity-violation in the gravitational wave background
• Supersymmetric hybrid inflation and current-carrying metastable cosmic strings in $SU(4{)}_c\times SU(2{)}_L\times U(1{)}_R$
• Projected gravitational wave constraints on primordial black hole abundance for extended mass distributions
• Realistic assessment of a single gravitational wave source localization taking into account precise pulsar distances with pulsar timing arrays
• Accelerating LISA inference with Gaussian processes
• Constraints on ultra-slow-roll inflation with the NANOGrav 15-Year Dataset
• Reconstructing inflationary potential from NANOGrav 15-year Data: A robust study using Non-Bunch Davies initial condition
• Connecting Inflation to the NANOGrav 15-year Data Set via Massive Gravity
• Detectability of dark matter density distribution via gravitational waves from binary black holes in the Galactic center
• Neutron stars in the generalized SU(2) Proca theory
• Tensor bispectrum mediated by an excited scalar field during inflation
• Probing Ultralight Axion-like Dark Matter: A Pulsar Timing Arrays-Pulsar Polarization Arrays Synergy
• Accurate pulsar timing array residual variances and correlation of the stochastic gravitational wave background
• Updated constraints on the primordial power spectrum at sub-Mpc scales
• Limits on scalar dark matter interactions with particles other than the photon via loop corrections to the scalar-photon coupling
• Finite Populations & Finite Time: The Non-Gaussianity of a Gravitational Wave Background
• Bubbles kick off primordial black holes to form more binaries
• Shedding Light on Dark Sectors with Gravitational Waves
• Cosmic Strings-induced CMB anisotropies in light of Weighted Morphology
• Signature of polarized ultralight vector dark matter in pulsar timing arrays
• Probing Picohertz Gravitational Waves with Pulsars
• Hybrid inflation and gravitational waves from accidentally light scalars
• Is PSR J0514$-$4002E in a PBH-NS binary?
• Cosmological scaling of precursor domain walls
• Gravitational wave and dark matter from Axion-Higgs string
• Efficient prescription to search for linear gravitational wave memory from hyperbolic black hole encounters and its application to the NANOGrav 12.5-year dataset
• Detectability of Massive Boson Stars using Gravitational Waves from Fundamental Oscillations
• Non-Gaussianity of Tensor Induced Density Perturbations
• Probing supermassive black hole scalarization with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Implications of pulsar timing arrays for Gauss-Bonnet Inflation
• On Pulsar Timing Detection of Ultralight Vector Dark Matter
• Gravitational Waves from a Gauge Field Non-minimally Coupled to Gravity
• Rapid inference for individual binaries and a stochastic background with pulsar timing array data
• Lorentz Violation with Gravitational Waves: Constraints from NANOGrav and IPTA Data
• Magnetic monopoles and high frequency gravitational waves from quasi-stable strings
• How large are curvature perturbations from slow first-order phase transitions? A gauge-invariant analysis
• Probing Leptophobic Dark Sectors via Gravitational Wave Signatures
• Imprints of an early matter-dominated era arising from dark matter dilution mechanism on cosmic string dynamics and gravitational wave signatures
• A Closer Look in the Mirror: Reflections on the Matter/Dark Matter Coincidence
• Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Observations of supermassive black hole binary candidates. Strong sinusoidal variations at 95, 147 and 225 GHz in PKS 2131$-$021 and PKS J0805$-$0111
• Phase transition catalyzed by primordial black holes
• SageNet: Fast Neural Network Emulation of the Stiff-amplified Gravitational Waves from Inflation
• Axion Dark Matter Archaeology with Primordial Gravitational Waves
• LISA and $\gamma$-ray telescopes as multi-messenger probes of a first-order cosmological phase transition
• On the calculation of p-values for quadratic statistics in Pulsar Timing Arrays
• A new probe of dark matter-baryon interactions in compact stellar systems
• Postsphaleron darkogenesis
• From $U(1)\times U(1)$ Symmetry Breaking to Majoron Cosmology: Insights from NANOGrav 15-year Data
• INTEGRAL, eROSITA and Voyager Constraints on Light Bosonic Dark Matter: ALPs, Dark Photons, Scalars, $B-L$ and $L_i-L_j$ Vectors
• Breaking the Strings: the signatures of Cosmic String Loop Fragmentation
• The Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background from Primordial Gravitational Atoms
• Inflation with vector fields revisited: heavy entropy perturbations and primordial black holes
• Binary black holes gone MAD: Magnetically arrested minidisks around nonspinning black holes
• High-Redshift Merger Model for Low-Frequency Gravitational Wave Background
• Comprehensive analysis of dissipative effects in the induced gravitational waves
• Probing baryogenesis with gravitational waves
• Spontaneous baryogenesis and generation of gravitational waves in a new model of quintessential $\alpha$-attractor
• Stochastic gravitational wave background anisotropies from inflation with non-Bunch-Davies states
• Collapsing domain walls with ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$-violating coupling to thermalized fermions and their impact on gravitational wave detections
• Superconducting Strings in $E_6$
• Long-lived quasinormal modes in the Euler-Heisenberg electrodynamics
• Cosmic Overture Echoed in a Stellar Final Act: Implications of Nanohertz Gravitational Waves for Core Collapse Supernova Neutrinos
• Biased Domain Walls and the Origin of Early Massive Structures
• Galactic magnetic fields seeded by ultralight dark photons
• Dark Matter Freeze-in from a $Z^{\prime }$ Reheaton
• Searching Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background Landscape Across Frequency Bands
• The Yukawa potential of a non-homogeneous sphere, with new limits on an ultralight boson
• Gravitational Waves from Gauge Quanta Produced during Inflation
• Pulsars identified in the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey at 144 MHz
• Probing Dark Matter's Gravitational Effects Locally with TianQin
• Ultralight scalar dark matter versus nonadiabatic perfect fluid dark matter in pulsar timing
• Accretion of self-interacting dark matter onto supermassive black holes
• Physics beyond the Standard Model with the DSA-2000
• Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves in Palatini $f(R)$ Gravity
• Flattened bispectrum of the scalar-induced gravitational waves
• The Dark Side of the Moon: Listening to Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves
• Circularly polarized gravitational waves from parity-violating scalar-tensor theory
• Testing No slip model with pulsar timing arrays: NANOGrav and IPTA
• Primordial Black Holes: A Review of Formation and Evolution
• 1PN effective binary Lagrangian for the gravity-Kalb-Ramond sector in the conservative regime
• Hawking area law in quantum gravity
• Uncertainty-Aware Neural Networks for Fuzzy Dark Matter Model Selection from \texorpdfstring{$x_{\mathrm{HI}}$}{x_HI} Measurements
• Graph-based Summary Statistics for Revealing the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background in Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Probing Quadratically Coupled Ultralight Dark Matter with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Beyond general relativity: gravitational waves in non-minimally coupled theories
• Excursion-set for Primordial Black Holes I: white noise and moving barrier