The NANOGrav 11-year Data Set: High-precision timing of 45 Millisecond Pulsars

Abstract

We present high-precision timing data over time spans of up to 11 years for 45 millisecond pulsars observed as part of the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) project, aimed at detecting and characterizing low-frequency gravitational waves. The pulsars were observed with the Arecibo Observatory and/or the Green Bank Telescope at frequencies ranging from 327 MHz to 2.3 GHz. Most pulsars were observed with approximately monthly cadence, with six high--timing-precision pulsars observed weekly, and all were observed at widely separated frequencies at each observing epoch in order to fit for time-variable dispersion delays. We describe our methods for data processing, time-of-arrival (TOA) calculation, and the implementation of a new, automated method for removing outlier TOAs. We fit a timing model for each pulsar that includes spin, astrometric, and, if necessary, binary parameters, in addition to time-variable dispersion delays and parameters that quantify pulse-profile evolution with frequency. The new timing solutions provide three new parallax measurements, two new Shapiro delay measurements, and two new measurements of large orbital-period variations. We fit models that characterize sources of noise for each pulsar. We find that 11 pulsars show significant red noise, with generally smaller spectral indices than typically measured for non-recycled pulsars, possibly suggesting a different origin. Future papers will use these data to constrain or detect the signatures of gravitational-wave signals.

arXiv commentPublished in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

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• Polytropic fits of modern and unified equations of state
• Correlated timing noise and high precision pulsar timing: Measuring frequency second derivatives as an example
• How Macroscopic Limits on Neutron Star Baryon Loss Yield Microscopic Limits on Non-Standard-Model Baryon Decay
• How the HESS J1731-347 event could be explained using ${\mathbf{K}}^{-}$ condensation
• High-Order Multipole and Binary Love Number Universal Relations
• Gravitational Wave Statistics for Pulsar Timing Arrays: Examining Bias from Using a Finite Number of Pulsars
• Proving the short-wavelength approximation in Pulsar Timing Array gravitational-wave background searches
• Supramassive dark objects with neutron star origin
• Does Nature allow formation of ultra-compact black hole X-ray binaries via accretion-induced collapse of neutron stars?
• Probing Dark Sectors with Neutron Stars
• Nuclear pasta and symmetry energy in the relativistic point-coupling model
• Realizing the potential of deep neural network for analyzing neutron star observables and dense matter equation of state
• Impact of the Nuclear Equation of State on the Stability of Hybrid Neutron Stars
• Implementation of an efficient Bayesian search for gravitational wave bursts with memory in pulsar timing array data
• Improving Distances to Binary Millisecond Pulsars with Gaia
• Neutron Stars and Gravitational Waves: the Key Role of Nuclear Equation of State
• QCD equation of state and the structure of neutron stars in NJL model
• Incompressibility and Symmetry Energy of Neutron Star
• Quasi-universal relations in the context of future neutron star detections
• Neutron star structure with a new force between quarks
• Improving Binary Millisecond Pulsar Distances with Gaia
• Thermal luminosity degeneracy of magnetized neutron stars with and without hyperon cores
• On Frequency-Dependent Dispersion Measures and Extreme Scattering Events
• High-accuracy high-mass ratio simulations for binary neutron stars and their comparison to existing waveform models
• Deep learning inference of the neutron star equation of state
• Signature of hadron-quark crossover in binary-neutron-star mergers
• Influence of the nuclear symmetry energy slope on observables of compact stars with $\Delta$-admixed hypernuclear matter
• Probing the impact of Delta-Baryons on Nuclear Matter and Non-Radial Oscillations in Neutron Stars
• Fundamental physics with neutron stars
• Influence of effective nucleon mass on equation of state for supernova simulations and neutron stars
• Implications of Fermionic Dark Matter Interactions on Anisotropic Neutron Stars
• Effect of the crust on neutron star empirical relations
• A Study in Frequency-Dependent Effects on Precision Pulsar Timing Parameters with the Pulsar Signal Simulator
• Pulsar Timing Observations with Haoping Radio Telescope
• Analysis of Multi-Hour Continuous Observations of Seven Millisecond Pulsars
• Comparison of dynamical and kinematic reference frames via pulsar positions from timing, Gaia, and interferometric astrometry
• Searching for optical companions to four binary millisecond pulsars with the Gran Telescopio Canarias
• Thermal effects on sound velocity peak and conformality in isospin QCD
• Bayesian cross validation for gravitational-wave searches in pulsar-timing array data
• On the detectability of massive black hole merger eventsby LISA
• Nuclear-Physics Multi-Messenger Astrophysics Constraints on the Neutron-Star Equation of State: Adding NICER's PSR J0740+6620 Measurement
• Alice meets Boojums in neutron stars: vortices penetrating two-flavor quark-hadron continuity
• The key factor to determine the relation between radius and tidal deformability of neutron stars: slope of symmetry energy
• On the nature of compact stars determined by gravitational waves, radio-astronomy, x-ray emission and nuclear physics
• The Science of Fundamental Catalogs
• Axion-Polaritons in the Magnetic Dual Chiral Density Wave Phase of Dense QCD
• Cooling of dark neutron stars
• QCD phase transition and equation of state of stellar strong interaction matter via Dyson-Schwinger equation approach
• Measuring the Hubble Constant with Double Gravitational Wave Sources in Pulsar Timing
• The 31-year Rotation History of the Millisecond Pulsar J1939+2134 (B1937+21)
• Detecting Gravitational Scattering of Interstellar Objects Using Pulsar Timing
• Gravitational Waves from Massive Black Hole Mergers in ASTRID: Predictions for LISA
• Neutrino beaming in ultraluminous X-ray pulsars as a result of gravitational lensing by neutron stars
• Rotating Neutron Stars with the Relativistic Ab Initio Calculations
• Reducing instrumental errors in Parkes Pulsar Timing Array data
• Towards a unified hadron-quark equation of state for neutron stars within the relativistic mean-field model
• Spin-polarized $\beta$-stable neutron star matter: the nuclear symmetry energy and GW170817 constraint
• A Detection of Red Noise in PSR J1824$-$2452A and Projections for PSR B1937+21 using NICER X-ray Timing Data
• Detecting Hyperons in neutron stars -- a machine learning approach
• Optical identification of the binary companion to the millisecond PSR J2302+4442 with the Gran Telescopio Canarias
• Impact of QCD sum rules coupling constants on neutron stars structure
• Fresnel Models for Gravitational Wave Effects on Pulsar Timing
• Oscillating Magnetized Color Superconducting Quark Stars
• Axion-Polaritons in quark stars: a possible solution to the missing pulsar problem
• The nucleardatapy toolkit for simple access to experimental nuclear data, astrophysical observations, and theoretical predictions
• Direct nonparametric multimessenger constraints on the equation of state of cold dense nuclear matter
• Follow-up Timing of Three GMRT Pulsars
• Discovery of X-rays from the old and faint pulsar J1154--6250
• Thermal phonon fluctuations and stability of the magnetic dual chiral density wave phase in dense QCD
• Probing into the Possible Range of the U Bosonic Coupling Constants in Neutron Stars Containing Hyperons
• Strongly interacting matter in extreme magnetic fields
• Fastest spinning millisecond pulsars: indicators for quark matter in neutron stars?
• Precision Timing of PSR J0437-4715 with the IAR Observatory and Implications for Low-Frequency Gravitational Wave Source Sensitivity
• New Insights into Supradense Matter from Dissecting Scaled Stellar Structure Equations
• Constraining neutron star properties through parity-violating electron scattering experiments and relativistic point coupling interactions
• Structural properties of charged compact stars with color-flavour-locked quarks matter
• Conditional variational autoencoder inference of neutron star equation of state from astrophysical observations
• Improving pulsar timing precision through superior Time-of-Arrival creation
• Chandrasekhar limit for rotating quark stars
• Classical and general relativistic post-Keplerian effects in binary pulsars hosting fast rotating main sequence stars
• Rapid orbital expansion in millisecond pulsar PSR J0636+5128: evaporation winds?
• Novel features of asymmetric nuclear matter from terrestrial experiments and astrophysical observations of neutron stars
• Equation of state for hyperonic neutron-star matter in SU(3) flavor symmetry
• Constraints on ultra-low-frequency gravitational waves from an eccentric supermassive black hole binary
• Application of Kaluza-Klein Theory in Modeling Compact Stars: Exploring Extra Dimensions
• Probing Boson Clouds with Supermassive Black Hole Binaries
• Decompose temporal variations of pulsar dispersion measures
• Possible tidal dissipation in millisecond pulsar binaries
• Probing Picohertz Gravitational Waves with Pulsars
• Neutron star properties: Constraining the nuclear matter EoS
• Improving DM estimates using low-frequency scattering-broadening estimates
• Effects of Phi and ${\sigma }^{\ast }$-meson on properties of hyperon stars including $\Delta$ resonance
• Tension between implications from PREX-2 data and gravitational tidal response on dense matter equation of state
• How Neutron Star Observations Point Towards Exotic Matter: Existing Explanations and a Prospective Proposal
• Rapidly Spinning Massive Pulsars as an Indicator of Quark Deconfinement
• Viscous damping of r-modes and emission of gravitational waves
• Dipole Polarizability of Finite Nuclei as a Probe of Neutron Stars
• Consistent crust-core interpolation and its effect on non-radial neutron star oscillations
• Limits on the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background and Prospects for Single Source Detection with GRACE Follow-On
• The systemic recoil velocity distribution and the scale height of field millisecond pulsar systems: Implications on neutron star retention fractions in star clusters
• Neutron stars with Bogoliubov quark-meson coupling model
• Identifying the QCD Phase Transitions via the Gravitational Wave Frequency from Supernova Explosion
• Optical spectral observations of three binary millisecond pulsars
• Constraints from LIGO O3 data on gravitational-wave emission due to r-modes in the glitching pulsar PSR J0537-6910
• Chiral Effective Field Theory's Impact on Advancing Quantum Monte Carlo Methods
• A study of dynamical effects in the observed second time-derivative of the spin or orbital frequencies of pulsars
• New ab initio constrained extended Skyrme equations of state for simulations of neutron stars, supernovae and binary mergers: II. Thermal response in the suprasaturation density domain
• Detection of the PSR J1741+1351 white dwarf companion with the Gran Telescopio Canarias
• Shapiro Delay Measurements from Fifteen Years of PSR J1231$-$1411 Radio Observations
• Investigating the mass-ratio dependence of the prompt-collapse threshold with numerical-relativity simulations
• Fast Bayesian analysis of individual binaries in pulsar timing array data
• Constraining the parameterized neutron star equation of state with astronomical observations
• A dual description of quarks and baryons: Quarkyonic matter within a relativistic quark model
• Neutrino mean free path in neutron stars in the presence of hyperons
• Impact of crust-core connection procedures on the tidal deformability of neutron stars
• Learning about neutron star composition from the slope of the mass-radius diagram
• Properties of rapidly rotating hot neutron stars within Brueckner theory
• Twin stars: probe of phase transition from hadronic to quark matter
• Classification of $g$-modes for neutron stars with a strong transition: Novel universal relation including slow stable hybrid stars
• Radio timing constraints on the mass of the binary pulsar PSR J1528-3146
• Properties of H particle-admixed compact star
• Unified Equation of State for Neutron Stars Based on the Gogny Interaction
• P-stars in the gravitational wave era
• Antikaon condensation in magnetized neutron star matter within the framework of the $\sigma$-cut scheme
• Description and Application of the Surfing Effect
• Neutron Star Equation of State with Nucleon Short-Range Correlations: A Concise Review and Open Issues
• Universal relation between dipole polarizability of finite nuclei and neutron-star compactness
• Constraining Hamiltonians from chiral effective field theory with neutron-star data
• Statistical complexity as a probe of mass and phase structure in compact objects