Tempo2, a new pulsar timing package. II: The timing model and precision estimates

Abstract

Tempo2 is a new software package for the analysis of pulsar pulse times of arrival. In this paper we describe in detail the timing model used by tempo2, and discuss limitations on the attainable precision. In addition to the intrinsic slow-down behaviour of the pulsar, tempo2 accounts for the effects of a binary orbital motion, the secular motion of the pulsar or binary system, interstellar, Solar system and ionospheric dispersion, observatory motion (including Earth rotation, precession, nutation, polar motion and orbital motion), tropospheric propagation delay, and gravitational time dilation due to binary companions and Solar system bodies. We believe the timing model is accurate in its description of predictable systematic timing effects to better than one nanosecond, except in the case of relativistic binary systems where further theoretical development is needed. The largest remaining sources of potential error are measurement error, interstellar scattering, Solar system ephemeris errors, atomic clock instability and gravitational waves.

30 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

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• Pulsar timing and polarimetry: results and perspectives
• MeerKAT caught a Mini Mouse: serendipitous detection of a young radio pulsar escaping its birth sit
• Searching for $\gamma$-Ray Pulsars among Fermi Unassociated Sources: 2FGL J1906.5+0720
• Pulsar timing irregularities and the Neutron Star interior in the era of SKA: An Indian Outlook
• Timing and emission variation of PSR J1733-3716
• The first evidence for three-dimensional spin-velocity alignment in pulsars
• The impact of a stochastic gravitational-wave background on pulsar timing parameters
• The Timing Residual Patterns Due to Pulsar Acceleration
• Phase Evolution of the Crab Pulsar between Radio and X-ray
• Probing Dark Contents in Globular Clusters With Timing Effects of Pulsar Acceleration
• Analysis of the first IPTA Mock Data Challenge by the EPTA timing data analysis working group
• Effects of Coronal Mass Ejection on PSR J1022+1001 and Possible Mode Change of PSR J2145-0750 in the InPTA DR2
• Evidence for the spin-kick alignment of pulsars from the statistics of their magnetic inclinations
• Using Giant Pulses to Measure the Impulse Response of the Interstellar Medium
• The Effects of Finite Emission Height in Precision Pulsar Timing
• Timing irregularities of PSR~J1705$-$1906
• Robust parameter estimation from pulsar timing data
• A simple, flexible method for timing cross-calibration of space missions
• Einstein@Home Searches for Gamma-ray Pulsars in the Inner Galaxy
• Using the pulsar timing software package, TEMPO2
• Probing supermassive black hole scalarization with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Geodesic Noise and Gravitational Wave Observations by Pulsar Timing Arrays
• The Indian Pulsar Timing Array Data Release 2: II. Customised Single-Pulsar Noise Analysis and Noise Budget
• Analytic Post-Newtonian Astrometric and Spectroscopic Models of Orbits around Black Holes
• Absolute Time Calibration of LAXPC aboard AstroSat
• The Planetary Ephemeris Program: Capability, Comparison, and Open Source Availability
• Reduced order modelling in searches for continuous gravitational waves - I. Barycentering time delays
• PSR J1227$-$6208 and its massive white dwarf companion: pulsar emission analysis, timing update and mass measurements
• Efficient Estimation of Barycentered Relative Time Delays for Distant Gravitational Wave Sources
• Improving DM estimates using low-frequency scattering-broadening estimates
• Long-term Timing Results of Ecliptic Pulsars Observed with I-LOFAR
• Searching for continuous gravitational waves in the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array Data Release 3
• Constraints on gravitational waves from the 2024 Vela pulsar glitch
• The TRAPUM Small Magellanic Cloud pulsar survey with MeerKAT -- II. Nine new radio timing solutions and glitches from young pulsars
• Constraining Fundamental Constant Variations from Ultralight Dark Matter with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Statistical Analyses for NANOGrav 5-year Timing Residuals
• The impact of outliers on pulsar timing arrays
• The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Customized Chromatic Noise Models
• Revisiting wideband pulsar timing measurements
• Search for Continuous Gravitational Wave Signals in Pulsar Timing Residuals: A New Scalable Approach with Diffusive Nested Sampling
• Discovery of the anti-glitch in PSR J1835$-$1106
• Compact binary system dynamics at the second post-Newtonian order: analytical formula of the coordinate time for eccentric and circular orbits
• Timing Gamma-ray Pulsars using Gibbs Sampling
• Probing Quadratically Coupled Ultralight Dark Matter with Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Pulsar timing array projects
• Measuring the crust-superfluid coupling time-scale for 105 UTMOST pulsars with a Kalman filter
• Lunar Time Ephemeris $\text{LTE440}$: definitions, algorithm and performance
• Radio timing constraints on the mass of the binary pulsar PSR J1528-3146
• Long-term timing of the relativistic binary PSR J1906+0746
• Stability of pulsar rotational and orbital periods
• Searching for Exotrojans in Pulsar Systems
• Are OPERA neutrinos faster than light because of non-inertial reference frames?
• Timing results of 22 years for PSR J0922+0638
• Narrowband searches for continuous gravitational waves from known pulsars in the first two parts of the fourth LIGO--Virgo--KAGRA observing run