Dense Matter in Neutron Stars with eXTP

Abstract

In this White Paper, we present the potential of the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry (eXTP) mission to constrain the equation of state of dense matter in neutron stars, exploring regimes not directly accessible to terrestrial experiments. By observing a diverse population of neutron stars - including isolated objects, X-ray bursters, and accreting systems - eXTP's unique combination of timing, spectroscopy, and polarimetry enables high-precision measurements of compactness, spin, surface temperature, polarimetric signals, and timing irregularity. These multifaceted observations, combined with advances in theoretical modeling, pave the way toward a comprehensive description of the properties and phases of dense matter from the crust to the core of neutron stars. Under development by an international Consortium led by the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the eXTP mission is planned to be launched in early 2030.

accepted for publication in the SCIENCE CHINA Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy

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• Bayesian inference of signatures of hyperons inside neutron stars
• Detection of burning ashes from thermonuclear X-ray bursts
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• Physics-Driven Learning for Inverse Problems in Quantum Chromodynamics
• Glitch time series and size distributions in eight prolific pulsars
• Multi-epoch X-ray burst modelling: MCMC with large grids of 1D simulations
• Vortex pinning in the superfluid core of neutron stars and the rise of pulsar glitches
• Quark core impact on hybrid star cooling
• The NuSTAR view of the non-thermal emission from PSR J0437-4715
• The dynamical holographic QCD method for hadron physics and QCD matter
• On the moment of inertia of PSR J0737-3039 A from LIGO/Virgo and NICER
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• A glitch and an anti-glitch in the anomalous X-ray pulsar 1E 1841-045
• NICER Detection of Thermal X-ray Pulsations from the Massive Millisecond Pulsars PSR J0740+6620 and PSR J1614-2230
• Atmospheric Effects on Neutron Star Parameter Constraints with NICER
• Holographic approach to transport in dense QCD matter
• Fast neutrino cooling of nuclear pasta in neutron stars: molecular dynamics simulations
• Core and crust contributions in pulsar glitches: constraints from the slow rise of the largest glitch observed in the Crab pulsar
• Observational appearance of rapidly rotating neutron stars: X-ray bursts, cooling tail method, and radius determination
• NICER Discovers mHz Oscillations in the "Clocked" Burster GS 1826-238
• Measuring the mass of the black widow PSR J1555-2908
• Rapid spin changes around a magnetar fast radio burst
• A semi-coherent search strategy for known continuous wave sources in binary systems
• A perfect fluid hydrodynamic picture of domain wall velocities at strong coupling
• Discovery of a Glitch in the Accretion Powered Pulsar SXP 1062
• A NICER look at thermonuclear X-ray bursts from Aql X-1
• 3D code for MAgneto-Thermal evolution in Isolated Neutron Stars, MATINS: The Magnetic Field Formalism
• The discovery of the 528.6 Hz accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar MAXI J1816-195
• Triaxially-deformed Freely-precessing Neutron Stars: Continuous electromagnetic and gravitational radiation
• A Dense Companion to the Short-Period Millisecond Pulsar Binary PSR J0636+5128
• Neutron stars: from the inner crust to the core with the (Extended) Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model
• Minimum Glitch of the Crab Pulsar and the Crustquake as a Trigger Mechanism
• Equilibrium constants of Hydrogen and Helium isotopes at low nuclear densities
• Constraining a relativistic mean field model using neutron star mass-radius measurements II: Hyperonic models
• Decoding Neutron Star Observations: Revealing Composition through Bayesian Neural Networks
• Core and crust contributions in overshooting glitches: the Vela pulsar 2016 glitch
• Terzan 5 transient IGR J17480-2446: variation of burst and spectral properties with spectral states
• Cooling of Neutron Stars with Color Superconducting Quark Cores
• The Largest Crab Glitch and the Vortex Creep Model
• Testing the phase transition parameters inside neutron stars with the production of protons and lambdas in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Discovery of millihertz quasi-periodic oscillations in the X-ray binary EXO 0748--676
• A catalogue of unusually long thermonuclear bursts on neutron stars
• Advancement of Photospheric Radius Expansion and Clocked Type-I X-Ray Burst Models with the New ${}^{22}$Mg$(\alpha ,p{)}^{25}$Al Reaction Rate Determined at Gamow Energy
• Oblate Schwarzschild approximation for polarized radiation from rapidly rotating neutron stars
• Estimate for the bulk viscosity of strongly coupled quark matter using perturbative QCD and holography
• NICER Detects a Soft X-ray Kilohertz Quasi-periodic Oscillation in 4U 0614+09
• Precision constraints on the neutron star equation of state with third-generation gravitational-wave observatories
• Deformation and crustal rigidity of rotating neutron stars
• Super-Eddington winds from Type I X-ray bursts
• The slow rise and recovery of the 2019 Crab pulsar glitch
• Proton and neutron density distributions at supranormal density in low- and medium-energy heavy-ion collisions
• Braking Index of Isolated Pulsars II: A novel two-dipole model of pulsar magnetism
• Effects of Nuclear Equation of State on Type-I X-ray Bursts: Interpretation of the X-ray Bursts from GS 1826-24
• Evidence for the photoionization absorption edge in a photospheric radius expansion X-ray burst from GRS 1747$-$312 in Terzan 6
• X-PSI Parameter Recovery for Temperature Map Configurations Inspired by PSR J0030+0451
• The highest-frequency kHz QPOs in neutron star low mass X-ray binaries
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• Rapid X-ray variability properties during the unusual very hard state in neutron-star low-mass X-ray binaries
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• Symmetry energy and neutron star properties in the saturated Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model
• Resolving phase transition properties of dense matter through tidal-excited g-mode from inspiralling neutron stars
• Spectral and polarization properties of reflected X-ray emission from black-hole accretion discs for a distant observer: the lamp-post model
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• Cooling of hybrid neutron stars with microscopic equations of state
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• From NS observations to nuclear matter properties: a machine learning approach
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• A Deep Pulse Search in Eleven Low Mass X-Ray Binaries
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• Detection of Millihertz Quasi-Periodic Oscillations in the X-Ray Binary 1RXS J180408.9$-$342058
• Role of the symmetry energy slope in neutron stars: exploring the model-dependency
• The Regulated NiCu Cycles with the new ${}^{57}$Cu(p,$\gamma$)${}^{58}$Zn reaction rate and the Influence on Type-I X-Ray Bursts: GS 1826$-$24 Clocked Burster
• What can PSR J1640-4631 tell us about the internal physics of this neutron star?
• Evolution of accretion disc reflection spectra due to a Type I X-ray burst
• Measuring the Lense-Thirring Orbital Precession and the Neutron Star Moment of Inertia with Pulsars
• Pulse Profile Modeling of Thermonuclear Burst Oscillations I: The Effect of Neglecting Variability
• Nambu-Jona-Lasinio description of hadronic matter from a Bayesian approach
• Broad iron emission line and kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillations in the neutron star system 4U 1636-53
• Constraints on the Equation of State of Neutron Star Matter From Observations of Kilohertz QPOs
• Polarized radiation from an accretion shock in accreting millisecond pulsars using exact Compton scattering formalism
• Revisiting the post-glitch relaxation of the 2000 Vela glitch with the neutron star equation of states in the Brueckner and relativistic Brueckner theories
• Gapless neutron superfluidity can explain the late time cooling of transiently accreting neutron stars
• NinjaSat monitoring of Type-I X-ray bursts from the clocked burster SRGA J144459.2$-$604207
• Scale symmetry and composition of compact star matter
• Detection of millihertz quasi-periodic oscillations in the low-mass X-ray binary 4U 1730--22 with NICER
• Pulse Profile Modelling of Thermonuclear Burst Oscillations II: Handling variability
• Towards constraining QCD phase transitions in neutron star interiors: Bayesian Inference with TOV linear response analysis
• Effects from Dark Matter Halos on X-ray Pulsar Pulse Profiles
• Quasi-simultaneous Integral, Swift, And Nustar Observations Of The New X-ray Clocked Burster 1rxsj180408.9-342058
• Pasta phases in neutron stars under strong magnetic fields
• Unexpected late-time temperature increase observed in two neutron star crust cooling sources -- XTE~J1701-462 and EXO~0748-676
• The Orbit and Companion of PSR J1622-0315: Variable Asymmetry and a Massive Neutron Star
• New insights into the quasi-periodic X-ray burster GS 0836-429
• Neutron star matter as a dilute solution of protons in neutrons
• Spectral analysis of the quiescent low-mass X-ray binary in the globular cluster M30
• The outer crust of a cold, non-accreting neutron star within the Quark-Meson Coupling (QMC) model
• The distance and internal composition of the neutron star in EXO 0748-676 with XMM-Newton
• A comprehensive study of type I (thermonuclear) bursts in the new transient SRGA J144459.2$-$604207
• Evolution of Urca Pairs in the Crusts of Highly Magnetized Neutron Stars
• Exploring Waveform Variations among Neutron Star Ray-tracing Codes for Complex Emission Geometries
• A NICER View of Spectral and Profile Evolution for Three X-ray Emitting Millisecond Pulsars
• Detecting Hyperons in neutron stars -- a machine learning approach
• Exploring nuclear force with pulsar glitch observation
• Modelling polarized X-ray pulses from accreting millisecond pulsars with X-PSI, using different hot spot locations and shapes
• Investigating the neutron star physics through observations of several young pulsars in the dipole-field re-emergence scenario
• Constraints on the internal physics of neutron stars from the observational data of several young pulsars: the role of a power-law decaying dipole magnetic field
• Scaling relations for the uncertainty in neutron star radius inferred from pulse profile modelling: the effect of spin rate
• Neutron stars from crust to core within the Quark-meson coupling model
• Dark Matter Seeding in Neutron Stars
• Constraints on the High-Density Nuclear Equation of State from Neutron Star Observables
• Glitches and glitching clusters in rotation-powered pulsars

Cited by in corpus (13)

• A NICER view of the 1.4 solar-mass edge-on pulsar PSR J0614-3329
• Phase transition and nuclear symmetry energy from neutron star observations: Constraints in light of PSR J0614--3329
• Bayesian Quantification of Observability and Equation of State of Twin Stars
• Equation-of-state-informed pulse profile modeling
• Bayesian Inference of Hybrid Star Properties from Future High-Precision Measurements of Their Radii
• Gravitational Redshift for Rapidly Rotating Neutron Stars
• How Neutron Star Observations Point Towards Exotic Matter: Existing Explanations and a Prospective Proposal
• Is The Trace Anomaly at its Minimum Value at Neutron Star Centers?
• Tracing the Trace Anomaly of Dense Matter inside Neutron Stars
• Quantifying the Information Gain from Future High-Precision Radius Measurements for Identifying Twin Neutron Stars
• Bayesian Inference of fine-features of dense matter EOS from future high-precision data of neutron star radii
• Multiwavelength Analysis of PSR J0437-4715 with Pulse Profile Modeling
• $f$-mode Oscillations for Hyperons and H-dibaryons in Neutron Stars